摘要:

AbstractThe effect of scripts on memory for information presented as eyewitness testimony in a mock criminal trial was tested. In Experiment 1 the nature of people's scripts for three types of robberies was examined. There was a high rate of agreement in a heterogeneous sample of 247 people regarding the actions that comprise a typical robbery of each type. In Experiment 2 the effects of people's robbery scripts and the effects of leading questions by the attorney on memory were probed. An audio‐recording of a mock trial was presented in which some of the script‐relevant actions from Experiment 1 were stated by the eyewitness and some were unstated. One week later a significant number of unstated items were recalled and recognized as having been stated. Further, unstated actions mentioned in ‘misleading’ questions by the attorney were recalled as having been stated by the eyewitness, and cautionary instructions warning of the possible misleading effect of the attorney's questions did not significantly reduce this misleading effect. Thus, people have scripts in memory for typical robberies, and when such scripts are activated people incorporate into their memory script‐relevant information not presented, along with information presented. Moreover, most people do not differentiate between information presented by the eyewitness versus the attorney. These results have practical implications for the way jurors process and remember trial

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060702

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of the environmental context upon serial learning was investigated in a PI design in Experiment 1 and an RI design in Experiment 2. Either one or four lists learned either before or after the critical list were used to manipulate PI or RI, respectively. Learning the critical list in the same room as the interference‐inducing lists or in a different room provided the first context manipulation. The second context factor involved relearning the critical list in the same room as it was learned 24 hours earlier, or in a different one. In the PI study the early and middle thirds of the list were affected by context in original learning. In relearning, correct responses over the first two trials differed both as a function of number of prior lists learned and of original learning context. With RI, fewer trials to relearn were required by a condition involving facilitating context manipulations, relative to a neutral context, and a competing context condition was inferior. The results are largely consistent with predictions derived from the interference theory of forgetting and traditional associative learning theor

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060703

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this study subjects kept diaries about unintentional acts during driving. They were asked to record errors at skill‐based level: slips and lapses. They also recorded the circumstances preceding these errors and the consequences for road safety. It was demonstrated how insight into the nature and antecedents of these ‘human errors’ contributes considerably to the understanding of road safety. By focusing on the conditions which control the occurrence of unintentional acts the study shows how these errors or their consequences can be controlled. A relationship was established between the specific conditions that evoke these slips and generic classes of condition that are conducive to errors: latent failure types. It is argued that in conditions controlled by latent failures cognitive processes produce not only skill‐based errors but also rule‐ and knowledge‐based errors. It is claimed that strategies to increase safety should be directed at these latent failures, rather than at the errors that follo

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060704

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research (Davies, Ellis and Shepherd, 1978; Rhodes, Brennan and Carey, 1987) has shown that accurate line drawings of familiar faces are identified rather poorly. However, artists can produce lifelike portraits with pen and ink, and Pearson and Robinson (1985) described an automatic method for producing computer‐drawn sketches (‘cartoons’) of faces which appear very similar to those produced by a human artist. In this paper we show that subjects can identify famous faces depicted in such computer‐drawn ‘cartoons’ almost as well as full grey‐scale images. The cartoon algorithm comprises two components. One component draws lines at the locations of intensity changes corresponding to luminance valleys and edges (the ‘valledge’ detector). The other component applies a ‘threshold’ to the original intensity distribution, and replaces any area darker than threshold with black. Thus the full cartoon contains both ‘line’ and ‘mass’. Neither the valledges nor the threshold components alone were as well identified as full cartoons containing both components. The results suggest that the addition of the threshold component adds significantly to the identifiabil

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060705

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA metacognitive hypothesis to explain age differences in adult memory is explored here–that younger and older adults differ in beliefs about memory and strategic processing. The motivational beliefs that adults make for their own memory performances were examined across tests of recall, recognition, face–name learning, and appointment‐keeping. Forty‐eight older and 48 younger community‐living adults were required to report the factors they believed influenced their performance and the memory strategies used for each task. A final questionnaire required subjects to rank order the importance of a list of causal factors. There were significantly more younger adults as compared to older adults who attributed performance to controllable factors (i.e. strategy use), although age differences in beliefs on a more familiar memory task were smaller than on other tasks. Moreover, within age groups, attributions to controllable factors were associated with increased memory performance compared to when memory was attributed to uncontrollable factors (i.e. ability, age). Believing that memory is uncontrollable may undermine the efficient use of effort in cognition, consistent with current metacogniti

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060706

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree studies investigated whether requiring eyewitnesses to provide multiple accounts of a crime prompted them to exhibit more accurate and complete recall (i.e. hypermnesia) or towards providing more inaccurate and confabulated testimony. Subject‐witnesses viewed videotapes enacting several types of crimes. Subjects exhibited hypermnesia in two studies in which they were asked to provide accounts of the incident via a free‐recall procedure. Indeed, there tended to be roughly a 10–20 per cent increase in the number of facts accurately recalled from the initial interview to the third. The number of incorrect recollections and confabulations did not reliably increase. In the second experiment, hypermnesia was observed even when eyewitness memory was degraded by delaying the initial interview until a week after the witness viewed the crime. In a third study, which employed a multiple‐choice questioning procedure, subjects exhibited neither hypermnesia nor heightened incorrect responding. Discussion centres on possible factors influencing the hypermnesia effect and implications of the present research for theory on hype

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060707

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350060701

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY