摘要:

AbstractMany charts and graphs do not convey information effectively. This article develops a way of analysing the information in charts and graphs that reveals the design flaws in the display. The analytic scheme requires isolating four types of constituents in a display, and specifying their structure and interrelations at a syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic level of analysis. As the description is constructed, one checks for violations of ‘acceptability principles’, which are derived from facts about human visual information processing and from an analysis of the nature of symbols. Violations of these principles reveal the source of potential difficulties in using a disp

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies have shown that dyads and groups place significantly more confidence in wrong answers to questions about a jointly witnessed event than do individuals. This experiment was designed to discover whether this misplaced confidence is influenced by prior free collaborative recall of the events in question. The results clearly indicated that prior group remembering lessens the effect, and improves the testimonial validity of both individual and group answers to questions about a jointly witnessed event. Taken in conjunction with other studies, the results imply that two or more witnesses of an event may profitably discuss what happened, but that they may best be interrogated separately in order to maximize the information available to the interrogator and to minimize misplaced confidence.

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of intuitive heuristics (e. g. representativeness and availability) has been put forward as an explanation for people's assignment of probabilities (Tversky and Kahneman, 1971). This phenomenon is seen as robust since experts as defined by education (professional psychologists), despite advanced training in statistics and methodology, rely on the same heuristics as novices (lay people). Both experts and novices as defined by education were studied in a series of experiments and further classified as experts and novices according to their probability knowledge base, prior to receiving (or not) a brief (15‐minute) training session. Immediately following training, subjects completed a probability test which consisted of ten Tversky and Kahneman (e. g. 1974) problems. The training significantly increased the number of problems correctly solved on the probability test and eliminated the expert/novice education classification. The results of a follow‐up test 5 weeks after the experiment indicated that the training group maintained its superior performance. It is proposed that failure to use proper methods of probability assignment may not be due to intrinsic human inference biases or heuristics, but is a result of a minimal probability knowledge b

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of variations in the presentation of oral contraceptive risk information on perceived safety was investigated. Four tests of the hypothesis that consumers focus on the absolute value of the numbers presented when assessing risk probabilities were performed with the following results: (1) when base rates are given, risks are perceived as less likely than when base rates are not given; (2) risks seem smaller when the information provided focuses on the number that willnotdie than when the number of expected deaths is presented; (3) contrary to our expectation, respondents do not focus on foreground numbers when risk was represented in an ‘X out of Y occurrences’ format; (4) respondents judged a risk of ‘4.15 times greater’ as less likely than when the information was presented as ‘415% greater risk’. We concluded that consumers convert statistical risk information into judgements about the magnitude of the number presented (small or large number) and utilize this more meaningful information when making risk

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the effects of expectanices about test format (recall versus recognition) upon the retention of information from prose. In each study subjects expecting recall recalled better than those expecting a multiple‐choice test. Serial position analysis in Experiment 1 suggested differential use of study time in groups expecting different types of test. Examination of study time use in Experiment 2 indicated that subjects expecting multiple‐choice showed greater variability in the use of time spent reading prose segments. They were also more likely to employ idiosyncratic orders of reading segments. In general the results seem compatible with the theoretical model of Gillund and Shiffrin (1984) emphasizing the ratio of two types of cod

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350030301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY