ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper looks at the reading ease of the ‘Notice to Detained Persons’ and the PACE Codes of Practice. The documents were analysed by using the Flesch formula for reading ease (Flesch, 1948). The results indicate that the leaflet of Notice, given to arrested persons at police stations in order to advise them of their legal rights, would be fully understood by fewer than one in four of the general population. The Codes of Practice are even more complicated, and require substantially above‐average intelligence and comprehension. An exploratory study into the comprehension complexity of the Notice to Detained Persons was carried out on 15 offenders with IQ values below 100. The results support the findings obtained by the Flesch formula, indicating that the Notice is far too complicated for the intellectually disadvantaged to understand their rights fully as outlined in the document. The implications of the findings are disc

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA number of studies have reported differences in the performance of bilinguals and monolinguals in verbal tasks. It has been suggested that one source of this difference is a greater tendency among bilinguals to use non‐verbal ways of representing events, because of the potential for confusions between their two verbal codes. In the present study, bilingual and monolingual college students were compared on three dimensions of self‐reported aspects of imagery—control, vividness and preference—as well as on a performance measure of spatial manipulation skill. When these tasks were preceded by a nominally verbal activity (prose comprehension), there were no group differences on the self‐report or objective imagery measures. In contrast, when they were preceded by an imagery rating task, some evidence of a compensatory reliance on spatial codes among bilinguals was obtained. Implications of these task induction effects on both subjective and performance measures of a skill were

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRiding a bicycle can be considered as a combination of perceptual‐motor and cognitive tasks. The task is divided into three functional levels: control, manoeuvring and strategic. Relevant (cognitive) abilities at the first two levels must be acquired and automatized through extensive experience. The processes which are not yet automatized may claim attention and will, therefore, interfere with other processes demanding attention. In this experiment, subjects of various ages and bicycling experience participated. The hypothesis was verified that novice cyclists cannot accomplish traffic‐relevant cognitive tasks while they ride a bicycle; possible countermeasures were discus

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present investigation was concerned with the variability‐of‐practice hypothesis of Schmidt's schema theory of motor learning; i. e. it was sought to determine if there is an optimal way to structure the variable practice session with regard to schema formation. Furthermore, children's motor recognition (movement evaluation) was examined, in addition to recall (movement production), since apparently no such studies had been done within the context of schema theory before. Eighty‐eight girls and boys with a mean age of 11.3 years were tested on a throwing task. Three groups of subjects practised under variable conditions (different target distances and weights) that differed with regard to contextual interference and sequential organization of task variations; another group received constant throwing practice. Following practice trials with knowledge of results, the four treatment groups and a control group without prior practice were required to produce and evaluate a novel response (novel target distance and weight) without vision and knowledge of results. The results supported the variability‐of‐practice hypothesis, in that variable practice in general facilitated recall and recognition on the novel task. Furthermore, variable practice with the highest level of contextual interference (random order of tasks) produced most effective transfer performance, suggesting that the structure of the variable‐practice session in fact plays a role with regard to the effectiveness of motor schema development. Contrary to the ‘organization hypothesis’ (Gentile and Nacson, 1976) a hierarchical organization of movement variations was not more beneficial to schema formation than

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hypothesis tested proposed that subjects using the phonetic mnemonic system who were supplied code words by the experimenter would recall more numbers than either subjects generating their own code words or a control group. In Experiment 1,36 undergraduate subjects serving in a 3 × (3) mixed‐factorial design confirmed the hypothesis, but the possibility existed that the superiority of the experimenter‐supplied group was attributable to the failure of the subject‐generated group to devise a complete set of code words. In Experiment 2 a new group of 12 self‐generated subjects was tested with a modified procedure designed to maximize number of correct code words. However, the experimenter‐supplied group recalled significantly more numbers than this group, too. In Experiment 3 the possibility was tested that the superiority of the experimenter‐supplied subjects was an artifact based on insufficient training in the phonetic method of subjects creating code words. Accordingly, all 28 subjects received extended training before recall of a subject‐generated group was tested against that of an experimenter‐supplied group in a 2 × (2) factorial design. Once again the experimentersupplied group recalled significantly more numbers, confirming the hypothesis. These results represent an exception to the general finding that subject‐generated mnemonics are superior to those supplied by the experimenter. The data suggest that the relative efficacy of the two sources interacts with the difficu

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper discusses how dictionary consultation during text comprehension varies according to dictionary users' prior knowledge of a word and of the concept it represents. Four types of consultation are isolated: theconstruction, extension, confirmation, andrecognitionof word meaning. Two experiments (one using an interactive electronic dictionary and the second a pencil‐and‐paper task) show that people's use of definitions and examples varies with type of consultation. The findings suggest that dictionary entries giving definitions as the primary source of information are appropriate for construction, extension, and confirmation tasks but that examples should be the primary information for recognition tasks. The implications of the findings for the design of interactive dictionaries are discus

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0888-4080    

DOI:10.1002/acp.2350050211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY