ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper explores the preconditions for, the nature of, and the consequences of charisma—actors that must be understood for charisma to he a useful empirical and theoretical concept. Unfortunately, as the first section of this essay demonstrates, due primarily to the influence of certain of Max Weber's discussions of charisma, sociological progress in these areas has been limited. However, drawing on two neglected hints by Weber–that the preconditions for the phenomenon of charisma are extraordinary human needs and that Freud's work can illuminate this field of inquiry–the second section of this essay attempts to correct this state of affairs through an application of the results of much psychoanalytic investigation. It argues that, because extraordinary needs (the preconditions for charisma) are of various types, charisma must be differentiated into four phenomena–omnipotence, excellence, sacredness, and the uncanny–and it then tentatively specifies both their variable immediate and long‐range consequences. In so doing, it incorporates systematically many of the widely divergent findings reported in sociologic

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The author introduces the dichotomy “ascending‐descending meaning” as a perspective for analyzing human relationships. After certain general considerations, this perspective is applied to two important forms of human activity—ritual and play. It is argued that the ascending‐descending framework both clarifies the meaning of these two terms and directs attention to their important relationship to e

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle–they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moment

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using work orientation and organizational membership as critical variables, the author developed a model to explain teacher militancy. It was hypothesized that the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) members would be more professionally oriented than the National Education Association (NEA) members; furthermore, that the more professionally oriented teachers would be more alienated, would have more frequent conflict with the administration of the school system, and would be more militant. The findings supported these hypotheses. However, within the work orientation categories there were some unanticipated findings. For AFT members, the “Professionally Oriented” members were the more alienated, had more frequent conflicts with the administration, and were more militant. For NEA members, the “Job Bureaucrats,” and not the “Professionally Oriented,” were found to be more alienated, to have more frequent conflicts with the administration, and to be more militant. The data suggest that AFT and NEA members hold quite different definitions of professionalism and of the appropriate role of the public sch

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Traditionally, deviance research and theory have focused almost exclusively on the personal attributes of the alleged deviant. This paper questions the appropriateness of such a focus when examining the organizational processing of criminal defendants. It directs attention to situational contingencies that provide the context within which personal attributes and behaviors become meaningful and salient during labeling and sanctioning. Discussion focuses on a strategic but often neglected contingency, conviction method. Empirical analysis reveals that the way in which the defendant was convicted has strong implications for the criteria officials use later to label and sanction the defendant. The implications of these findings for deviance research are then discussed.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study explores the potential impact of racial composition and racial change on the socioeconomic status of American suburbs. The sample includes 697 suburbs for which data were available for the study variables, which are percent black, change in percent black, suburban age, employment/residence ratio, population growth and size, distance from the central city, and several socioeconomic status measures. It was found that the impact of racial composition and change on suburban status was either non‐existant or spuriou

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Critics of Wirth's theory of urban life suggest that he underemphasized the extent of urban social networks that counteract trends toward depersonalization. One argument, by Stone. claims that persons who lack social ties at the neighborhood level compensate by establishing personal relationships in shopping, an activity normally considered highly pecuniary in orientation. A replication of Stone's theory for grocery shoppers shows just the opposite. If anything, persons who lack social ties at the neighborhood level also minimize “personalizing” in their grocery shopp

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY