摘要:

Very little social scientific research has considered the question of bureaucratization in the individual governmental agency. Departing from an experiment in de‐bureaucratization, this article traces the origins of two core components of bureaucracy‐hierarchy and rules‐in the U. S. Department of State. The discussion emphasizes the interaction between the internal structure of a public organization and two sets of environmental factors: the power setting and the operating environment. It is argued that this interaction produces a high degree of message generation, top‐down demands for accountability and control, and bottom‐up pressures for clearance and guidance. These conditions lead to a heavy message volume and a high degree of centralization which, in turn, bring on communications overload. Bureaucracy increases as overload is handled through hierarchical differentiation and the proliferation

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1974.tb00728.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sociological theory is compared to the relativist paradigm which is found in a variety of contemporary intellectual movements: microphysics, drama, theology, art, music and psychology. The principal elements in the relativist paradigm are: (1) complementarity; (2) indeterminacy: (3) relativity. In contrast to this thought pattern, the apparent pluralism represented in the strict, hermeneutical, and critical schools of sociological theory is shown to be questionable. Extant sociological theory is relatively unified at the epistemic level.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1974.tb00729.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from the risky shift literature are brought to bear on collective behavior. The author suggests that the extreme behavior common in collective behavior is parallel to the shift to risk in small groups decision making, and that both phenomena can be conceptualized as group‐induced shifts to an extrem

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1974.tb00730.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model facilitating the prediction of organizational persistence or dissolution is presented through a series of propositions. Environmental change, community demands for service, organizational capacity, formalization, and task orientations are identified as important dimensions in determining the probability of organizational emergence, maintenance, or demise. The emergence and development of Neighbors in Need (NIN); a Seattle, Washington based welfare organization, is described to illustrate the viability of the model. NIN's career pattern shows a persistence beyond the period of environmental disruption because of the long‐term progressive nature of the system's stress, NIN's formalization, and its task specificity. But a reduction in system stress, the adoption of a more diffuse goal, and the organization's failure to promote interorganizational relations with the local agencies indicates the probable demise of the NI

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1974.tb00731.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the intraorganizational mobility interests of production workers in manufacturing organizations. Substantial numbers of workers report not only being interested in mobility within their organizations, but many also claim to be actively pursuing that objective. The immediate supervisor is found to be a central figure in their goal achievement plans.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1974.tb00732.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper employs a cybernetic model of a religious symbol system to explain the competition among Rabbinists, Hasidim, and Messianists in the Jewish communities of eighteenth‐century Poland. Hasidism's ability to attract adherents is explained by the great flexibility of its constitutive belief, “communion with God”when compared with Rabbinic Torah or the Messianic belief in the “lifting of sparks.” This flexibility is traced through all levels of the cybernetic

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1974.tb00733.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1974.tb00727.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY