摘要:

This paper examines the structural determinants of the achievement behavior of over 1,300 American women whose lives collectively span three centuries of American history, 1607–1950. Of particular importance is the investigation of the relative effects of historical birth cohort, religion, sibling placement, social class background, and region of birth upon the career patterns of women involved in the professions, the arts, and social reform.A major conclusion of this study is that denomination and importance of religion are major factors accounting for social reform careers, while the absence of religion combined with being the first child is related most importantly to career choices in the professions and the arts. Historical birth cohort was found to be of some importance along with social class. However, region of birth proved to be the least important influence affecting achievement patterns.The data for this study are a quantitative archive established by the author on the basis of a detailed coding of all the biographies included in the three‐volume reference set,Notable American Women(James, James, and Boyer, 1971). Information concerning 302 variables relevant to a study of achievement behavior was coded on a standardized form, keypunched, and transferred to magnetic tape suitable for computer and statistical analysis. The techniques used in this research are discriminant analysis and cross tabular analy

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper critically examines sociological treatments of the concept of charisma. It demonstrates that the existence of diverse and conflicting views on charisma is due partly to sociologists' selection accentuations of the different types of charisma (magical, prophetic, and routinized) in Weber's writings. Reconsidering charisma as an expression of alienation, the paper also suggests a synthetic approach that may alleviate the conceptual anarchy surrounding it.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01229.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research examines Smelser's value‐added theory of collective behavior. According to Smelser, six determinants are necessary for the development of a social movement: structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized beliefs, precipitating factors, mobilization of participants, and social control. As a test of this analytic framework, two Melanesian cargo cult movements and the general history of these movements are investigated. On the basis of a historical and comparative analysis that relies upon both primary and secondary sources, the six factors outlined in the theory are shown to be present. The relevance of these findings for the explanation of social movements is discusse

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01230.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A comparative ethnography of the lives of inhabitants of similar housing environments in two Swedish communities‐Stockholm (population 1.3 million) and Gävle (population 50,000)‐provides an opportunity to examine the ways in which lifestyles and community life may vary by size of urban place. The overwhelming impression is of lifestyle and community life similarities between the two locales, suggesting that size of urban place is not very significant in its effects. Yet some social advantages are felt by residents of the smaller community, such as increased family contacts and fewer youth problems. These advantages are offset, however, by the more limited job market and range of cultural facilities associated with smaller pl

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01231.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper links the sociological work of Ball on the analgesic subculture‐a subculture of Appalachian poverty‐with the sociological research of Merton on adaptation, the social psychological research of Seeman on alienation, and the psychological research of Seligman on learned helplessness. We suggest that (1) Ball's cultural explanation work has not been pursued because it has not been integrated with relevant structural and relevant psychological theory and (2) the analgesic subculture of Appalachia is an extreme intensification of the consequences of alienation resulting in a psychology of learned helplessn

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01232.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An attempt is made to unite diverse principles of contemporary sociology by viewing social systems as adaptive systems whose members are also adaptive systems, the general class of systems that attempt to maximize internal values by modifying their behavior and/or structure. Large numbers of sociological and behavioral propositions were examined and those that met criteria of relevance, clarity, and empirical support were restated in a standardized format. A systems‐theoretical reductionist perspective was applied to these selected propositions with the aid of a theorem‐generating computer program developed as part of the research, in order to identify the subset that, as axioms, would most efficiently generate those remaining as theorems. The resulting axiomatic theory appears to satisfy the scientific criteria of generality and parsimony, as well as the additional design goals of ready comprehension and application, the latter tested in part by social‐system simulations. Among the nontrivial derivatives illustrated are principal propositions related to learning, values, economic models of decision making, social exchange, arms races, coalition formation, segregation, and cultural evol

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01233.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research focuses on the relationship between persons, places, and social control. Specifically, the study examines territoriality and social distance as factors affecting individuals' thoughts concerning the prevention of crime. The data show that both territoriality and social distance are significant predictors of respondents' willingness to prevent criminal behaviors. Consistent with theory in urban sociology and psychology, people report that they are far more likely to extend aid to family members and friends than to strangers. However, people also report that they are more likely to intervene on behalf of a stranger the nearer to home the offense occurs.Hypothetical situations concerning specific crimes against persons and property were used to elicit responses from 835 adolescents who were the subjects of the research. Analysis of variance is used to analyze the data.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01234.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb01227.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY