摘要:

This paper addresses the standards of scientific behavior and research within the context of academic scholarship. Factors which lead some researchers to transgress the ethical boundaries associated with the publication process are presented and discussed. Included is an examination of the central issues related to the “publish or perish” syndrome. It is argued that the intense pressure to get one's work into print often distorts the serious pursuit of knowledge. Linking tenure and promotion primarily to publications has led to emphasizing the length of the scholarly record rather than its quality. To avoid such outcomes, the academic/scientific communities are urged to develop policies which on the one hand protect the integrity of the scientific enterprise, and on the other strike a reasonable balance of expectations and performance regarding teaching, research, and serv

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Durkheim's methodological classic is frequently read from Kantian, positivistic, or other Enlightenment contexts despite the fact that Durkheim criticizes these doctrines. Durkheim also tends to be read as a deductive analyst. Using Schopenhauer's philosophy as an alternative starting point in reading theRules, it is demonstrated that Schopenhauer and Durkheim agree that perceptual, inductive knowledge of “things” is superior to conceptual, deductive knowledge; that causal explanations are merely phenomenal; and that the one, well‐designed experiment is sufficient for the establishment of scientific laws. Durkheim's distinction between the normal and the pathological is also addressed in this context. The implications of Durkheim's focus on induction are discussed with regard to its similarity to the works of Claude Bernard, Florian Znaniecki, and Max Weber, as well as current epistemological crises in soci

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An outbreak of monoplane sightings within British South Africa during 1914 is examined as a case of mass hysteria. The incident is used to evaluate the utility of Smelser's category of the negative or hostile hysterical belief manifestation within Smelser's value‐added theory of collective behavior, namely: structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief, mobilization of participants for action, and inadequate measures by agencies of social control. Each of these was found to be present during the period immediately prior to and encompassing the collective episode, thus supporting Smelser's explanation. However, Smelser's objectivist approach labels collective behavior as irrational and is limited beyond providing a general ordering of conditions involved in a particular collective actio

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sociological research on racial prejudice has generated consistent and reliable empirical findings on the social determinants of prejudice, but comprehensive theoretical explanations of the social forces that promote prejudice tend to be controversial. Two such theoretical perspectives are examined and then compared for their ability to explain prejudice; namely Durkheim's theory of cognition and the neoevolutionist approach to sociocultural modernization and ontogenetic maturation. An attempt also is made to merge the interactionist and evolutionist arguments for the purpose of developing a comprehensive explanation of prejudice.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Earlier surveys show differences in work orientations of males and females, but these were based on mostly sex‐segregated workers. Two broad explanations are used to examine differences in work orientations of males and females: namely the socialstructural and the gender‐socialization approaches. A secondary analysis of 22 separate sudies of specific occupations are combined and used to determine if the sexes display different patterns on ten work dimensions when occupation is held constant. Patterned differences in work orientations between the sexes persist supporting the gender socialization approach. Implications for workplace discrimination are discus

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study applies the Goldscheider‐Uhlenberg theory of minority status and fertility to black‐white differences in childlessness. It is hypothesized that when integration into dominant societal institutions is impeded, high‐status black couples are more likely to be voluntarily childless than comparable white couples. Using census data, the results tend to support this hypothesis, suggesting that among college‐educated, high‐status couples, blacks delay marriage longer and have higher rates of voluntary childlessness than do white couples. The implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for further research

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research on individuals who graduated from high school from 1958 through 1972, has indicated that the timing of marriage and first birth had a greater affect on educational attainment among women than among men. It is hypothesized that, among more recent cohorts, these differences may have been reduced or eliminated by social changes in the 1970s and 1980s. A test of this hypothesis was conducted using data gathered from 187 predominantly white, middle‐class individuals who completed questionnaires in the spring of 1972, when they were in the eighth grade. A follow‐up study was conducted in 1985. The results suggest that marital and parenthood timing affect educational attainment, but the relationships were not significantly different for males and females. Furthermore, the tendency for women to marry and have children earlier than men had only a minor effect on differences in educational attainm

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Scientific Attitude. Frederick Grinnell. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987, 141 pages, $29.50, hardback; $13.50, paperback.Feminism Within the Science and Health Care Professions: Overcoming Resistance. Sue V. Rosser. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988, 168 pages, flexicoverThe Transformation of Old Age Security: Class and Politics in the American Welfare State. Jill Quadagno. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988, 253 pages, $27.50, hardback.Invisible Trauma: The Psychological Effects of Invisible Environmental Contaminants. Henry M. Vyner, M. D. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988, 219 pages.Women and Political Conflict: Portraits of Struggle in Times of Crisis. Edited by Rosemary Ridd and Helen Callaway. New York: New York University Press, 1987, 246 pages.The Post‐Industrial Utopians. Boris Frankel. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987, 303 pages, $35.00, cloth, $12.50, paper.History of Criminal Justice. Herbert A. Johnson. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company, 1988, 338 pages, hardba

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY