ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00676.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While “ascription” occupies a central place in Parsons' scheme, some of its positive functions in a highly differentiated system have been underemphasized. Because of its economical use of established social arrangements, ascription contributes to the performance of all of the system functions—pattern maintenance, integration, goal‐attainment and adaptation. This helps to explain the prevalence of residual ascriptive elements in modern societies. The institutionalization of mass education and civil rights breaks down some ascription, but, at the same time, increases for the larger society the useability of the internal organization of its ascriptively defined groupings. Hence, ascriptive ties permeate the organization of the differentiated institutional sectors of modern

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00677.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The concept of “generalized symbolic media of social interaction” was introduced by Parsons five years ago in his two articles on the concepts of power and influence.1I believe that it represents a theoretical development of the first importance, which has received much less attention—particularly in my own field of social anthropology—than it deserves. The purpose of the present paper is to review and criticize the concept itself and to point out its relevance to certain problems in social anthr

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00678.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper analyzes the nature of value‐commitments, conceived as a generalized symbolic medium of interchange in the processes of social interaction, in this respect paralleling money, power, and influence. Commitments constitute moral obligations of units of a system of social interaction to maintain the integrity of a value‐pattern and to strive toward its implementation in action through combination with non‐value factors. Stability of commitments is a basic condition of the compatibility of wide moral freedom with the exigencies of social functioning. Like the other three media, commitments are not bound by a zero‐sum condition, but can be expanded, especially through charismatic mo

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00679.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An effort is made to extend the scope of the general theory of action to encompass some of the major dimensions of the individual's structure of self‐conceptions. This is attempted through formulation of four subjective “senses of self,” one corresponding to each of the functional problems held in action theory to be essential features of all systems. The senses of competence, self‐determination, unity, and moral worth are offered as the individual's subjective interpretations of his standing in relation to his objective problems of adaptation, goal‐attainment, integration, and pattern‐maintenance. It is argued that these four senses subsume and organize many important but scattered themes in the literature of self theory and general symbolic interactionism. Operational, procedures are offered with which these senses may be assessed in empirical research, and some illustrative outcomes are presented from the author's longitudinal study of self‐conception changes over the course of retirement. The discussion also touches upon some of the methodological problems encountered in attempting to establish the empirical validation for this kind of theoreti

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00680.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between societal values and political, particularly democratic development has been of interest to many students of politics. This paper reports data on the values of German society before WW I. An instrument to measure value orientations on the basis of Action Theory is described and its underlying assumptions as well as those pertaining to the use of fiction as a source on values in historical periods are discussed. Findings are reported concerning Prussians and Southerners, two major groups in German society. The data show that Germany was characterized by high value heterogeneity of its population, a factor which contributed to the lack of national democratic development before WW I.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00681.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although one might have expected human ecologists to have analyzed the interrelations of the physical environment with social phenomena, their efforts, while valuable in many ways, were largely inconsequential toward that end. This paradox may be explained by 1) their conceptualization of the environment, 2) their fixation on aggregates, 3) their erection of disciplinary boundaries, and 4) the acceptance of intervention with its concomitant pressures for basic knowledge only recently.To get at this information, an orientation very different from that of traditional human ecology is required, and the Parsonian systems approach suggests the use of an intersystem congruence model, which is outlined.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1968.tb00682.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY