摘要:

The issues of whether and how corporate campaign donations affect the operation of American elections have recently become the focus of public and scholarly debate. Using Federal Election Commission campaign finance data, this analysis identifies a link betwren contributions from business PACs and candidate success in the 1980 U.S. congressional elections. Findings also confirm an association between corporate support and legislative voting for candidates re‐elected in 1980. Candidates heavily supported by business PACs during the campaign did better at the polls and were more likely to vote conservatively if elected than those not so strongly endorsed by economic interests. Results are discussed in terms of various theories of the state as well as their relevance to potential election finance reform

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb01170.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sexual harassment, i.e., unwanted sexual attention, is not a new phenomenon for working women. Yet only in recent years have the behaviors constituting it been challenged and recognized as detrimental to society. This paper documents the process by which sexual harassment emerged on the public agenda. It identifies the major elements–media attention, activities of interest groups, court actions, and legislation–involved in the process of redefinition and examines how and why each promoted the issue. The data, gathered from analyses of publication and language trends, records of congressional hearings, and interviews with several participants in the process, are used to further understanding of how these elements converged during a period of social concern for women's rights and enabled a public reconceptualization of sexually harassing behavi

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb01171.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While considerable attention has been drawn to “reproduction” theories of education, little empirical research has been conducted within this framework. This paper uses the reproduction perspective to examine how various mechanisms of the American educational structure contribute to the maintenance of the mental‐manual division of labor within class structure. Using a national, longitudinal sample of high school seniors, we look at the reproduction effects of public versus private schooling, the composition of school communities and curriculum tracking. We find that reproduction results from the schooling experiences of a majority of students and that tracking is the most important mechanism in this process. However, nonreproduction is apparent as well which points to some issues that reproduction theories must address to provide viable explanations of the role of education in so

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb01172.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A recent and extensive review of research concluded that worker age–viewed both chronologically and in terms of career stage–was a decisive determinant of work attitudes including turnover intention, i.e., intention to remain in an occupation or to leave it. This paper reports a study of work attitudes among 732 American, British, and Spanish students undergoing training as merchant marine engineering officers. All were of the same age and were at the same point in their careers. Wide differences were shown in terms of attitudes toward the occupation including turnover intention. The single most important variable was the national context in which training was taking place: The Americans exhibited the most negative work attitudes and the higher turnover intention; the Spanish had the most positive attitudes and the lowest turnover intention; the British tended to fall in the middle. Social class origin had some, though irregular, effects. The national differences are explained in terms of the training environments existing in the schools as well as structural features surrounding the merchant marine industry and the organization of training for the occupation in each country. Hence, though age may be a decisive element in work attitudes, this study suggests that the social organization within which age factors are located may determine the scope and forms of its effe

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb01173.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The focus of this research is the disciplinary policy of school suspension and its effect on black male students. We examined the application of public school suspensions by race and sex in an integrated school district in the southeastern portion of the United States. Data for the study were compiled from oficial records housed in the administrative complex for the entire school district. The suspensions cover one academic year from September of 1983 through June of 1984. During this period of time black males were disproportionately suspended in both the elementary and secondary schools. This finding is consistent with other research noting that black students, and in particular black male students, are disproportionately affected by the various policies of public schools. We then discuss the implications of these findings for black males. Policies which limit educational opportunities for black males increase the probability of their need for welfare services, incarceration in prisons, and commitment to mental hospitals. Our conclusion is that the policy of suspending problem students is not only an effort by elementary and secondary school administrators and faculty to remove bad boys but is also one of several policies which limit educational opportunities for black males.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb01174.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The principal objective of this paper is to conduct a log‐linear analysis of patterns of childlessness among Catholic and non‐Catholic women in the United States. We address this issue by examining white women between the ages of thirty‐five and forty‐four, ascertaining whether they are voluntarily, involuntarily, or temporarily childless or childed.Given the long‐standing emphasis of the Catholic Church regarding the importance of children in marriage and the family, an emphasis which was not reversed during the Second Vatican Council, we suggest that even after controlling for religious activity and educational attainment, Catholic women should be less disposed than non‐Catholic women to choose voluntarily to have no children. We review various aspects of Church doctrine leading to such an hypothesis.Our results do not suggest an “end” to Catholic‐non‐Catholic differentials in childlessness. Catholic women between the ages of thirty‐five and forty‐four in 1976 were very far apart from non‐Catholic women with respect to the voluntary decision to have no children. And they are also very different from non‐Catholic women regarding patterns of involuntary childlessness. These differential patterns of voluntary and involuntary childlessness

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb01175.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports a content analysis of church sermons in terms of social class distinctions in the memberships of two Southern Baptist churches. The major finding is that there is a relationship between social class and sermon content. The data for this analysis were obtained by the transcription of forty Sunday morning sermons. The results are interpreted as suggesting that lower class church members search for consolation while upper class congregations search for justification for and continuation of their elevated social status.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb01176.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY