摘要:

The reductionist position of Homans and Skinner has generated substantial debate among sociologists over the past two decades. Mitch of the debate can be resolved by examining the issues in light of the history of science. A historical analysis suggests that modern sociology has little to lose—and something to gain—by reevaluating its traditional stance on reduct

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Actors use their resources to realize their “interests.” How are actor interests patterned by the social structure in which actors find themselves? The purpose of this discussion is to propose a structural law of perception that provides a general basis for applying network concepts in empirical studies of human action so as to bridge two heretofore irreconcilable perspectives in social action theory. In terms of postulates of purposive action and marginal evaluation, “atomistic” versus “normative” perspectives on action differ in their interpretation of how actors make perceptions within a social context. Stevens' law provides a rigorous function form describing subjective evaluations. Network analysis provides rigorous description of the social context in which subjective evaluations are made. Modifying Stevens' law so as to take into account a social context of evaluation (that context being a structure of distances between actors in a system ensured by an inevitable division of labor), a structural law of perception is proposed. The proposed perceptual model states that actor interests are patterned by actors' positions in social structure. Using the proposed model, conditions sufficient for the occurrence of social norms in a group and a specific functional form for relative deprivation effects are derived. The derivations are in accord with, and generalize, classic empirical studies of social norms and relative deprivation. Implications for structural action theory ar

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relation of schematic discrepancy to emotional experience is discussed. It is argued that schematic discrepancy constitutes one important basis of emotional arousal and that we label arousal according to rules defined by discrepancy. The identifying and processing of discrepancies is described within an information processing framework. The labeling of both positive and negative emotions (defined as differing in the resolution of discrepancy) is discussed. Cultural influences on both the experiencing and labeling of emotion are elaborated and implications are drawn.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the role of schedules in social life. It first explains why both the schedule and the clock were introduced to the West through the Benedictine monasteries. Then it brings into focus the main principle underlying the schedule, namely temporal regularity, which involves the standardization of the temporal locations of events and activities and of their rates of recurrence, as well as the rigidification of their durations and sequential structures. Following a discussion of the constraints as well as the conveniences involved in using the schedule, it also examines two other implications of its introduction to the West–an abstract conception and a utilitarian philosophy of time. It ends with a discussion of the role of the schedule in enhancing both mechanical and organic solidarit

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Members of organizations treat time as something and scarce that may be possessed and traded and that is repeatedly the object of contracts. Observations in hospital Intensive Care Units show both formal patterns of greater time advantage for those of high rank and informal patterns of renegotiation and manipulation of time. Organizations can examine informal time use by members and select and promote those who willingly put in time for the organization. Putting in extra time for others can be used as an indicator of attitudinal conformity, which helps the organization assure behavioral compliance by the higher ranked, who are typically in less observable positions.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1980.tb00385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY