ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This essay focuses on one epoch in one culture, the “war painter” system in Nazi Germany, and considers its social trappings (professional, political) as characteristics shared by another epoch and culture, evaluation systems in contemporary Western science. The parallels are instructive not only for a self‐critical sociology of knowledge such as that envisioned by Karl Mannheim and Alvin Gouldner, but moreover as an anthropological test of cultural relativism as explanation.If society with its fixed hierarchies can no longer give us a safe orientation and a basis for self evaluation, we must for that very reason meet the challenge of developing a new pattern of orientation based upon a deeper and more genuine human truth…. This is the real task of the democratized age, and it is a task yet to

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This essay articulates a comparative approach to the sociology of science. It suggests that even historically there have been numerous scholars interested in the national components of scientific knowledge. I develop a model which allows me to compare the differences in scientific growth in Sweden and Denmark. My model consists of three interrelated levels: metaphysical bias, national scientific interests, institutional structures. The comparison between the two countries shows them to be markedly different on all three levels. Finally, I suggest how the model can be applied to contemporary material.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper offers an historical survey of problems arising in German mathematics during the rise and rule of National Socialism. Underlying this effort is the goal of developing a theoretical understanding of the social history of scientific disciplines in modern societies. The first part of the paper gives a brief description of the social system of mathematics and the characteristics of National Socialism. Second, an analysis of the background and structure of the attempt to construct a “German” mathematics related to Nazi‐ideology is given. This appears as an anti‐modemist movement prompted by the rise of mathematical formalism. The basic relations between mathematical and political thought are analyzed and the reasons for the failure of the “German” movement discussed. The third section examines the integration of mathematics into Nazi‐German society, focusing on the twin processes of adaptation and resistance by professional societies. It is argued that social differentiation within the system of mathematics, as well as its modern cognitive and social universality, were preconditions

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Does accumulation of knowledge occur in the social sciences, and if so, under what conditions? Three research programs in Dutch sociology are evaluated with regard to theory accumulation: figurational sociology at the University of Amsterdam: structural individualistic sociology at the University of Utrecht; and data‐based sociological practice at the University of Leyden. In the first two schools, a wide international orientation is accompanied by the use of a closure mechanism, i. e. a publication and citation network that is restricted to members of the same research program. The result is a high degree of theoretical unity within a context of program diversity. The article concludes with some observations on the future of Dutch sociology, followed by a list of publications in each of the three program

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A comparison is made of the interrelationship between theoretical orientations and research methods of authors publishing in major U. S. journals, with those publishing inSosiologia, the major Finnish journal. Based on a content analysis of 1,808 articles, similarities are found cross‐culturally concerning the tendency for authors with a realist theoretical orientation to use comparative historical data‐gathering techniques and for nominalists to employ data‐gathering procedures more amenable to quantification (e. g. surveys and experimental methods). These data also document the often conjectured tendency for European sociologists to emphasize a more collectivist, organic, and hence realist theoretical posture. Similarities and differences between U. S. and Finnish sociology are discussed in the context of various cultural, historical, and political differences in the maturation of sociology in the two coun

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1987.tb01042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY