摘要:

This paper attempts to analyze the social, economic, and political sources for the emergence of modern Soviet sociology in the 1950s. While it does not address extensively the characteristics of current Soviet sociology, it is suggested that those characteristics of a methodologically sophisticated and economically oriented sociology are largely the result of a compact between Soviet leaders and sociologists which allowed and required its post‐Stalin emergence. Four sets of factors are evaluated in terms of their effect on the emergence of Soviet sociology. These are 1) the Marxist‐Leninist vision (that is, the Utopian elements of ideology), 2) the Soviet ideology (that is, the elements of ideology oriented toward system maintenance), 3) the diffusion of ideas, and 4) the mandate of Soviet economic development. A brief evaluation of these sets of factors as they affect the emergence of Chinese sociology in the early 1980s is also provided. It is concluded that the future shape of sociology in the USSR and China is dependent upon the evolution of ideology in the two countries, an evolution that is intimately tied to the succession of political leaders

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01248.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the claim that positivism and humanism are mutually exclusive alternatives to the study and amelioration of human society. In the first part of the paper, eight theses normally associated with twentieth‐century positivism are documented and explicated at length, ranging from the verification doctrine and the unified‐language thesis to an emphasis on the nomological‐deductive model of explanation and the fact‐value distinction. In the second part the claims associated with a humanistic sociology are then examined, particularly those concerning scientism, the value‐laden character of all scientific inquiry, and the relation between science and human emancipation. In the third part of the paper a distinction is between those claims which were definitive of positivism and those which were either peripheral or later amended by the leading positivists. It is then argued that a number of the criticisms leveled against positivism such as the latter's supposed affirmation of strict determinism, of scientism, and that normative considerations, being nondescriptive in character, are of little consequence, are entirely unfounded criticisms. Such claims were never an explicit part of the positivist program. On the contrary, it is argued that both contemporary positivism and humanism are motivated by parallel ideals of enlightenment‐through‐science, by a concern with reliable social knowledge as the basis for rational public policies, and—to quote Hempel—with “the broadening of ou

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01249.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper, the author arranges some of the major treatments of alienation within a coherent framework. He introduces a distinction between disassociation (certain specified objective conditions) and alienation (a specified experience) and articulates the relationship between these two by presenting a series of intervening psychological issues. A typology of human association is presented; and it is argued that especially two types of disassociation (i.e., marginality and subordination) and, to some extent, another (i.e., privilege) may be productive of alienation. These conditions are considered at the cultural, social, and psychological levels of analysis. Variables connecting these conditions and alienation include the perception of the condition, evaluation, integration, blame, and response.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01250.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent developments in the literature employing the alignment metaphor have either left critical features of motive presentation unattended or have called attention to their neglect. The following four problems are emergent: (1) a relative lack of attention to presentations of motive as complex, multi‐party performances, (2) a need to specify alignment strategies vis a'vis critical standards of judgment, (3) a neglect of the case‐specific statements elaborated by actors in the course of situated presentations, and (4) a need to reconceptualize cultural elements in terms of their operation at the level of verbal interaction. The conceptcriterion indexing/counter indexingaddresses each of these probl

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01251.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper shows that individual and structural factors which determine professors' salaries also influence, in various degrees, the accumulation of earnings from additional sources. As a result, those who receive greater rewards from their main work role are likely to have proportionately higher supplementary incomes. Thus, expanding occupational role‐sets increase the inequality in economic rewards in the academic system. It is proposed that the relative effect of each of the salary determinants on extra earnings depends on their ability to generate, directly or indirectly, extra earning opportunities.The examined factors are professorial rank, research productivity, departmental prestige and the length of academic experience. Professorial rank has been shown as the main determinant of institutional salary level, whereas research productivity is the most crucial factor in generating extra earning opportunities. It is likely that the importance of the latter, in our case, is mainly indirect in that it generates critical intervening resources such as professional reputation, visibility in the academic system and communication networ

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01252.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article offers an explanation of the underlying factors concerning relations among the blacks, Italians and Irish in Boston. Two studies were examined involving the economic situation of the Italians and Irish in Boston in order to understand this city's racial problems. These three groups (Italians, Irish and blacks) have been over represented in the lower occupation level and in the poorer housing areas. It is shown that the racial problems between the white ethnics (Irish and Italians) and blacks are caused by a lack of job and housing opportunities.

ISSN:0038-0245    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1982.tb01253.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY