ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<185::AID-IMHJ2280080302>3.0.CO;2-#

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<188::AID-IMHJ2280080303>3.0.CO;2-O

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractJohn Lind, Professor of Pediatrics at the Karolinska Institute, emphasized that “the family is born in the maternity hospital.” He had a warm concern for all parents and infants and was extremely influential in both pediatric and child‐rearing practices in Sweden and in the promotion of infant and caregiver‐infant interaction research. Lind initiated and/or stimulated the scientific study of the infant's cry, parent‐infant interactions, the role of the father in the perinatal environment, fetal and neonatal perception, and perinatal hospital practices. In many respects, his work predated contemporary emphases on perinatal coaching programs, social support (doula) during labor and delivery, parent education on childrearing, the use of ethnographic data for contemporary perinatal practices, interdisciplinary team approaches to study of infant care and development, changes in newborn nursery practices, and, above all, care and sensitivity to the initial synchronization of the parent‐infant interaction system. This paper honors John Lind's contributions to our knowledge of infant development and parent‐infant interaction, his influences on the field of pediatrics and the interdisciplinary study of infancy, and his commitment to enhancement of the quality of life for infants and their families. Although his life has ended, his ideas will continue to inspire and challenge the study of early human development for many

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<190::AID-IMHJ2280080304>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHighlights of our work over the last 30 years are reviewed; we begin with the infants whom we studied in the mid‐1950s and conclude with impressions from a follow‐up of their development 30 years later.The review begins with our first effort to propose a constructionist view of behavioral organization over the first 3 years of life, in terms of the negotiation by infant and caregiver of a sequence of adaptations in their interaction. This review includes a brief consideration of living systems and some of the principles that constrain the organization of behavior of the participants. Illustration of the way that these principles set up the “event‐structure” of a system is given. In its recurrence, this event‐structure sets the stage for psychic organization.The application of this early formulation to the study of 25‐ to 30‐year outcome in these same infants studies the hypothesis that the configuration of adaptive strategies that the subject constructs by 2 years of age will be recognizable in the strategies which that individual employs in self‐recognition and in the later construction of his ecologic niche at age 25. The logic or rules for this construction are set up over the first 2 years, as the infant's adaptation to the event‐structure of the system is achieved and regulates later constructions. The bias set depends on the red thread of the subject's early inner experience of state and emotion (or affect) in relation to the infant's competence as agent in regulating states.A basis for inference as to this red thread of inner experience has been summarized in five propositions of construction. These highlight the patterning of competence in self‐regulation within the individual's unique system. The role of infant state and of positive affects in this long‐term influence is critical, as is the patterning of competence in enabling the infant to reconstruct desired states as goals in the unique configuration of adaptive solutions a

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<210::AID-IMHJ2280080305>3.0.CO;2-9

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA growing child forms part of a network of relationships that affect the course of his or her development. Understanding individual development requires us to come to terms both with successive levels of social complexity (individual characteristics, interactions, relationships, groups) and with the dialectical relations between them and between each of them and the sociocultural structure (values, beliefs, etc.). Gender differences occur not only in the frequency of occurrence of particular types of interactions, but also in the two‐way influences between individual characteristics and relationships.In a study of preschool children, gender differences were found in the structure of the mother/child relationship and in the relations between the mothedchild relationship and child (temperament) and maternal (mood) characteristics. Such differences probably result from gender stereotypes held by the mother and may have important consequences.Most attempts to understand the genesis of gender differences involve assessing the influence of biological vs. social factors. It is necessary also to analyze the ways in which very small mean differences in biological propensities become exaggerated and distorted in social stereotypes by the dialectical relations between successive levels of social complexity and the ways in which these then feed back on individual developmen

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<221::AID-IMHJ2280080306>3.0.CO;2-2

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBowlby (1969/1982, 1973, 1980) has proposed that internal working models of self and other are psychic structures that guide an individual's subjective experience of and responses to others in important relationships. They are termed “working” models because they are believed to be dynamic mental representations that are modifiable, although they are presumed to become more resistant to change after the early years. This paper reviews Bowlby's construct of internal working models, including some recent empirical evidence usefully explained by the construct. The authors apply the construct of working models to parents' subjective experiences of their infants and review some preliminary evidence that suggests that parental working models of their infants are present even prior to the infants' birth and influence the parents' perception and interpretation of the infants' characteristics and behaviors. The authors then consider the development of infants' working models of self and other in the context of parental attributions. They conclude that subjectivity in parent‐infant relationships is an exciting and promising area for investigation, although, at present, future progress is limited by problems of measurement. A brief discussion of directions for future research is inc

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<237::AID-IMHJ2280080307>3.0.CO;2-H

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA prospective longitudinal study assessed the development of the mother‐child relationship within the context of other important aspects of transition to parenthood. In the prenatal phase, 238 women who were 8 months pregnant with their first child completed a set of questionnaires. At 1 month post‐partum, 165 of these women completed a second set of questionnaires, and a subset of 86 were observed for 1 hour at home with their infants. When their child was 2 years old, 62 of the 86 mothers completed questionnaires and were observed in interaction with their toddler in the laboratory. The several hundred individual variables were reduced to internally consistent composite variables, 5 in the prenatal phase, 7 postpartum, and 14 in the toddler phase. Preliminary analyses reported in this paper assessed the structure of relationships among the composite variables within each phase (Pearson correlations) and whether there was significant prediction from one dimension to another across the phases, beyond stability in the predicted dimension (multiple regressions). Causal modeling analyses are still in progress.The results indicate that the development of maternal attachment is a gradual process and that feelings of attachment are related to a number of other measures of women's psychological well‐being. Parenting confidence was found to play a central role in adaptation to motherhood within each phase, as well as from the prenatal to postpartum and postpartum to toddler p

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<251::AID-IMHJ2280080308>3.0.CO;2-U

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGreek women's needs, attitudes, and experiences during the months immediately prior to and subsequent to the birth of their infants were evaluated. Themes considered were women's feelings and attitudes toward pregnancy, labor and the expected infant; breast feeding; emotional and practical needs; experiences from perinatal care and relationships with medical care personnel and with the family; perceptions of physical and emotional stress; and their relationships with infant and partner. Findings showed, among others, that women emphasized a desire for more personal care — more time, continuity of care, information about their pregnancy, and less distance from the doctor. Moreover, they expressed their need for emotional support. Anxiety was found to be a central feature of women's feelings during labor and delivery. The same anxiety was related to efforts to deal with infant crying, attempts to console the infant, and concern for picking the baby up. Understanding maternal attitudes provides guidelines for designing an intervention program that would integrate emotional and cognitive factor

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<266::AID-IMHJ2280080309>3.0.CO;2-B

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the effects of eight 40‐minute interaction coaching sessions on the mother‐infant interaction patterns of mother‐preterm infant dyads. Thirty‐five preterm infants and their mothers were matched for sex and then were assigned randomly to a treatment and a no‐treatment control group. Behavior counts and ratings of maternal and infant interactive behavior (Interaction Rating Scale; Field, 1980) were obtained from naturalistic home observations, precoaching, postcoaching, and at a 2‐month follow‐up. It was hypothesized that coaching, which was intended to facilitate more sensitive responding by mothers, would positively influence mother‐infant interaction and mothers' knowledge of infant development. The only marginally significant difference between the groups that emerged over time was in knowledge of infant development, in which the treatment group surpassed th

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<277::AID-IMHJ2280080310>3.0.CO;2-X

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA two‐step model of intervention for multi‐problem mothers was proposed. In order to improve mother‐child interaction and later developmental outcomes, the first step is for the practitioner to help the mother change her external competencies (adult social skills) and internal perceptions (support, depression). These changes make the second step possible—the mother then can learn to foster her own child's development. The model was tested in a study of 95 multi‐problem women who participated in a nursing intervention program from mid‐pregnancy through the child's first birthday. The results supported the two‐step model. Improvements in the mothers' external competencies were related to completion of intervention goals. These external improvements also were related to more optimal patterns of mother‐child interaction during teaching and feeding episodes at 1 year. Furthermore, an especially insecure type of attachment relationship was found more frequently among the infants of mothers in the group that did not improve. Changes in internal perceptions were unrelated to intervention or interaction measures. These unexpected results suggest that the mother's internal improvements may have a more delayed or a less direct effect

ISSN:0163-9641    

DOI:10.1002/1097-0355(198723)8:3<288::AID-IMHJ2280080311>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY