摘要:

Abstract The pay‐off from a new power system does not begin to accrue until many years after the initial research; and perhaps not until 10 years or more after major development programmes are launched. The ensuing benefit to the community in terms of reduced power costs may be spread over 30 to 40 years—combining the lifetime of the stations with the period over which they might be installed. Ideally therefore, the Atomic Energy Authority would like to have accurate forecasts of electricity demand and its characteristics in terms of load factors, etc., 30 to 40 years ahead. This paper describes attempts by the Authority to forecast electricity requirements at and beyond the end of the century as a background to their consideration of the relative merits of alternative future nuclear power systems and the distribution of research effort between them.The study was conducted between 1969 and 1971. The danger of the Middle East countries restricting oil supplies and raising prices was foreseen but in a less acute form and later than has actually occurred. The recent developments are likely to lead to pauses in economic growth followed by growth at lower rates than otherwise. Where forecasts in this article are given in the form of ranges, the lower bounds of the range are likely to apply—at least in the short and medium

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01067.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relation between the need to maintain an efficient research resource and the need to use it effectively for the benefit of the business is best met by a matrix structure. The example of a single laboratory in a large organization is discussed.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01068.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract The literature shows that two patterns of communication exist in an R&D environment, one dominated by a project system and the other directly related to distance. A study was made of the communication patterns of two laboratories about to merge. The study was able to show that differences do exist between the two laboratories, mainly because of the geographical differences on the two sites, but overall communication patterns were similar. These patterns showed that the number of communications did drop off with distance but work contacts and a project system override the distance factor.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01069.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper outlines three ways of looking at decision processes, and relates them to problems of research management. A classification of decisions is suggested, based on three dimensions of complexity. On each dimension, innovative decisions are normally more complex than operating decisions, but since the latter are more common, there is a danger that the former will be inadequately treated, as shown in an example. These dangers may be mitigated, first, by regarding complex decision‐making as an explicitly cyclical process, and, second, by recognizing the significance of reference standards. Four types of reference standard—historical, external, planning, and imaginative—are noted, and brief consideration is given to their origins and to their influence on the perception not only of problems but also of solutions. It is argued that the range and quality of the reference standards used are likely to be significant factors in the success of research manag

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01070.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe interface factor in the development and utilization of new technology is analyzed with questionnaire surveys. The interface factor is found to determine R&D performance in a study of large manufacturing companies in the United States and in a study of computer utilization performance in commercial banks in the United States. A comparison of the interface factor in the functioning of R&D in the United States and Japan suggests that interface problems may be less serious in Japan. Company experience is reported which indicates that the interface function can be controlled by management policies, procedures and practices. The need for greater attention to the interface factor by executives and by researchers on R&D management is a conclusion which follows from the findings presented in this paper.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01071.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA framework is presented within which can be analysed the timeliness factor that partially governs the receptivity to innovative technical ideas of industrial organizations. A partial analysis is performed within this framework. This suggests certain conclusions which might assist in the marketing of by‐product or 'spin‐off’ technical

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01072.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01073.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY