摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to forge a link between optimal levels of the three principal marketing mix instruments—price, promotion and product quality—and the development expenditures devoted to the quality improvement of a firm's existing product. Using the latest operational marketing mix model which prescribes quantitatively what the optimal quality of a brand should be, a simple function relating this optimal quality to desirable development outlays is suggested and some of its implications are explo

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe usefulness of brainstorming (Osborn type) as a management technique has been examined i n a series of exercises over the period 1972‐ 1974. In a considerable proportion of the exercises the material produced was interpreted as arising from low levels of speculation within the groups.It is argued that the procedures of brainstorming will not automatically lead to highly speculative material, and that managers using brainstorming as a means of bringing about suspension of judgment may not achieve that result.In real situations the intrusion of longer term belief systems may be influencing the group in the brainstorming process. Nevertheless, the principle of separating the idea generation and evaluation stages within managerial problem‐solving exercises can be constructively adapted into regular management pract

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEmploying various measures for the quality of subjective probabilities of technical success in R&D a detailed analysis of 4 data sets taken from different R&D organizations shows that the probability assessments roughly specify the populations to which R&D projects belong, but are extremely unreliable indicators of the eventual outcome of individual activities. Unintentional errors and conscious biases are identified as accounting for the unsatisfactory quality of subjective probabilities in R&D. Finally, some measures are suggested which might improve the quality of the probability assessments.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPast attempts to rationalize the many methods of technological forecasting have not been sufficiently practical; they have largely been based on an abstract sort of classification while their use has been of an ad hoc nature.This paper reviews the position and puts forward a rationale leading to a more logical classification of methods and a systematic approach to their use in practice.The proposed classification and systematic use of the many methods is based on the concept that a technological forecast has four prime elements or dimensions, qualitative, quantitative, time and probability. Only when all these elements are provided can a technological forecast be responsibly used in decision making in R&D and corporate planning.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA resource allocation system developed for a government laboratory has been subjected to a full‐scale experiment within that organization. The experimental system includes: (1) a multiplicative benefit estimation procedure, (2) a constrained optimization resource allocation model hosting piecewise linear benefit functions and interactive capabilities for sensitivity analysis, and (3)a network tracking procedure for predicting progress on major laboratory objectives. It is applied to R&D activities representing 3/4 of the laboratory's total program. The methodological philosophy, structure, and experimental design are presented together with attitudinal data and informational insights gleaned from the experiment. The flexibility of the system for adapting to alternative management models and benefit functional forms is demonstrate

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA note by Milliken (1973) suggests the usage of programme trend charts will help managers estimate the total duration of the project slippage. Whilst his sample graphs are informative they are of little use in evaluating two aspects of the problem:(a) The uncertainty inherent in the project–known to the Shop Floor, but unknown to the management.(b) The expected completion date–until sufficient data has been collected to yield reliable regression extrapolations.It is postulated that the assessment of suitably encoded subjective probability distributions be used to satisfy points (a) and (b) above. These distributions, when evaluated by a scoring rule, will also give the management, and the assessor, a true statement of the quality of the assessments. Furthermore, the underlying theory of subjective probability scoring rules suggests that assessors should become ‘better’ when being scored than when given no incentive, other than the usual behavioural guidance of most hierarchic organi

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1975.tb01084.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY