摘要:

AbstractPharmaceutical R&D effort is multidisciplinary and matrix in management form, but variable in organizational detail. Upjohn's discipline‐oriented organization (coordination matrix) of 11 years ago is compared to its current organization consisting of a goal‐oriented, leadership matrix and a simultaneously existing coordination matrix. Product development success and individual performances were similar for the concurrent coordination matrix and leadership matrix. Consensus on candidate product identification and execution of development plans is easier with a leadership matrix than with a coordination matrix, but flexible response to new or changing goals seems more likely with a coordination matrix. The location of candidate product advocacy differed in the two types of organization. Strategies effected over the 11‐year period to overcome inherent limitations of goal‐oriented organizations and functional organizations included the maintenance of competing yet synergistic, functional, and goal‐oriented organizations, a strong publication and basic research policy, and a Troika’ approach to candidate selection and development in the functional o

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResearch and development activities concerning urban traffic systems are the subject of a long‐standing program at the German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology. A fairly recent field of investigation is the deployment of computer‐based technologies in urban traffic situations. The German Federal Ministry of Research and Technology has sponsored a study to determine a comprehensive middle‐term research‐program for these technologies.The study contained the following steps of investigation:(1) Determining possible areas of deployment for computer‐based technologies.(2) Selecting deployment areas from those generated.(3) For the deployment areas selected, deriving the required research activities, coordinating and consolidating them into a research program.Because of the comprehensive nature of urban traffic the know‐how and results from many and diverse scientific disciplines had to be incorporated into the study.As the study has significant real‐life consequences for the direction and funding of urban traffic research by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology it had to be ensured that its outcomes were operational.To arrive at an operational research program, the study required inputs from areas, in addition to the scientific disciplines:(a) politics (traffic policies in general, research and funding strategies etc.)(b) industries (manufacturers of vehicles, electronic parts etc.) and traffic operating authorities.Some experiences gained in managing the project are reported in this paper. They pertain to the study described. Hopefully, they can be put to use in some other projects of comparable structure a

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryDual ladders have long been advocated as valuable devices for handling career problems in technical organizations, although equally their difficulties have been emphasized. Of 33 U.K. R&D organizations included in a recent survey, 60% had dual ladders, although they were more common in some industries than others. Two main conclusions came from the survey. Firstly, R&D organizations do not form a homogeneous group for which dual ladders are either good or bad: some organizations have cultures more receptive to them than others. Secondly, using dual ladders to solve the career problems of more than a very small minority of potential beneficiaries is very likely to defeat the aims of the system. It is difficult to see a way out of this paradox while career rewards remain valued according to their scarcity.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe study, which is based on a survey, identifies the barriers to developing and expanding science‐based industries in Israel as perceived by managers in Israeli technological industries. The differences in perception among managers from different industries and between chief executives and their subordinates are investigated.The main obstacles are attributed to the lack of economies of scale, especially in marketing, and the shortage of entrepreneurs. Financial issues got relatively low ranking.The results, while suggestive, have interesting implications for both government officials and business executives.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe most striking result of the survey is the relatively lowerranking of the financial issues as a potential barrier to the development and expansion of potential science‐based industries in Israel. While government aid is mainly financial, and maybe for that reason, the executives from the relevant industries believe the bottlenecks are somewhere else.The results indicate that the existing scientific and technological infrastructure can support much expanded in‐ dustrial activity. This potential can, in addition, be expanded by strengthening the relationship between the industries and the institutions of higher learning.The main obstacles are the lack of economies of scale, especially in marketing, and the shortage of entrepreneurs. The marketing problems can be partially resolved by coordinating the efforts of a few companies in the same area, for example in advertising, services, etc. Another alternative is to enter into joint ventures with companies already located in the foreign markets. The government can help by subsidizing marketing efforts in a similar way to the existing aid to R&D. It can also try to attract joint ventures through special tax laws that would eliminate the penalties on foreign firms due to the local high rate of inflation.One way to increase the supply of entrepreneurs is by allowing them a higher financial reward, which can be contingent on their success. In the USA, for example, it is customary to motivate the chief executives through stock options whose value depends on the success of the firm. The government can amend the tax laws to ensure the entrepreneurs an appropriate compen'sation for their efforts. With the major revision of the tax laws in Israel in 1975, stock options to executives are considered as taxable income when received. This is even more important if the solution to the perceived shortage is to import entrepreneurs.The results also illuminate some differences of opinion between the general managers and their subordinates and among executives from different industries. However, it should be remembered that the sample was rather small, and therefore the statistical tests for the significance of the difference would be rather weak. It is planned to expand the survey in the future in order to establish the validity of some of the conclusions which were reached above. In addition, future research should also determine whether all the perceived problems are real.The results, while suggestive, have interesting implications for both government officials and business executives. Government officials should look at a broad spectrum of alternatives to encourage industrial R&D activity in order to find out the optimal use for the marginal Israeli pound spent by the government for that purpose. It may be the case that different alternatives should be pursued to encourage R&D in different industries. Business executives should analyze the issues with the functional managers and decide which factors are under their control and which are exogenous. Alternatives for action should be specified only after identifying the major barriers that affect the company and its ind

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pollution Prevention PaysIndustrial Innovation‐Technology, Policy, DigusionTechnical Change and EmploymentUnemploymentIndustrial New Product Development‐A Manual for the 1980'sThe Heart of the Enterp

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1980.tb00441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY