ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01319.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe convention currently in place (SSAP 13 revised) to account formally for industrial R&D expenditure is that qualifying development expenditure meeting strict viability criteria may be capitalised (treated as an asset) but that all other development and all research must be immediately expensed (written off). This study comprising interviews and postal responses was carried out to investigate the effect this convention has on managerial actions and decisions on R&D investment by companies, particularly by smaller high‐technology one

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01320.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAmong the industrial countries, different working divisions have evolved between manufacturing industry, governments and network operators, each being responsible for distinct parts of R&D in the telecommunications field. This paper provides a comparison of R&D in Japan and West Germany to several western industrial countries and highlights their diverse structures.For this quantitative assessment various indicators for science and technology (S&T) have been compiled systematically. The new aspect of this paper is that indicators, only some of which are well established, can be interconnected provided that appropriate limitations are recognised. A comprehensive indicator system for research and development in telecommunications is currently not available as far as the author is aware.Consequently, subjective expert assessments are essential for the present indicator systems to overcome incomplete links between indicators, their poor adaptation to one another and data availability problems. The statistical sections here are therefore supplemented by a series of personal discussions in various countries.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01321.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe authors discuss a method for merging the results of technical advancements with potential markets during the formulation phase of innovative product development. The method emphasizes direct contact with end‐user organisations by multidisciplinary teams, the selection of champions of innovation as the source of useful and relevant insights, and a multi‐stage discipline to produce operational definitions of new product opportunities. For people responsible for managing technical activity, the paper offers guidelines for the planning and implementation of search methods, insight generation and specification of innovative produ

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01322.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTechnology analysis is a new technomanagerial discipline that provides common frameworks for analysing individual technologies and their relationships to each other. It is used here to probe the development of a particular technology, namely that of permanent magnets.The paper traces the development of permanent magnets over the past decade and explores possible future improvements in performance parameters. The strength of magnets (i.e. energy product as expressed in kilo Joules per cubic metre) has increased from approximately 40 in the 1930s to approximately 400 at present.Future developments will be constrained by a barrier which seems to exist at approximately 525 kilo Joules per cubic metre. However this is viewed as a barrier that can be transcended and not as an immutable limit. It therefore signifies a possible breakthrough zone.S‐curve theory leads analysts to speculate about a possible breakthrough during the five year period leading up to 1995. At that date magnetic strengths of 600+ kilo Joules per cubic metre could be aimed for.Increased magnetic strength will improve the performance parameters of all technologies utilising magnets, unleash new magnetic based technologies and threaten many traditional areas in the fields of matter processing, transporting and storing, energy processing, and information processing and storing.These effects will cascade through the entire technological landscape creating new markets and destroying others. The article gives an overview of these impacts on the technological landscap

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01323.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis is the third paper to arise from the same piece of research concerned with the development of Expert Systems (ES's) in the management of R&D. The first paper described the overall approach to the work and summarised the problems encountered, whilst the second focused on the software side of the work and the problems it entailed.In this paper the focus is on the process of project evaluation itself. The simple purpose of creating an ES is to capture the expertise of those well versed in a particular field and try to reproduce it in the ES. In this work, however, the hypotheses on which the development of the ES was based, and their subsequent support by considering actual projects, cast doubt on the theoretical background of project evaluation as reviewed in literature. The basis of these doubts is set out in this paper together with discussion on what is necessary to improve the situation. It was necessary to come to these conclusions prior to the development of a final ES on project evaluation, and is here published not only because of its interest in its own right, but so that others who have already worked in the field might reconsider their data in the light of the criticisms. By this means they would have a contribution to make to a better understanding of evaluation and of the on‐going work on a new ES, now developed and operational, which has been designed as a research tool as well as its normal function of giving managerial advic

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01324.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe enzyme industry is characterised by a rapid rate of technological change and market dynamism. There are over 2000 different types of enzymes with patent cover and yet only a fraction of these have been successfully commercially exploited. What innovation strategies are used by UK suppliers? Could the success rate be improved?This paper reports the findings of a recent survey of UK enzyme suppliers to investigate their approaches to the management of innovation. The main thrust of the research considered the role of marketing and especially the role of customer involvement in the innovation process. A variety of approaches were found but essentially the customer has a fairly restricted part to play in innovation in this dynamic and technological market.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01325.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01326.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01327.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Viable System Model—interpretations and applications of Stafford Beer's VSM, Raul Espejo&Roger Harnden (Eds)Successful Product Development, Management Practices in American and British Firms, Axel Johne and Patricia Snelson.Taking Research Seriously: Means of improving and assessing the use and dissemination of research. Ann Richardson, Christine Jackson and Wendy Sykes.Conceptual Toolmaking: Expert Systems of the Mind, Jerry RhodesManagement of R&D Organisations: Managing the Unmanagable, R. K. Jain and H. C. TriandisTechnological and Market Innovation, H. Nystr

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1991.tb01328.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY