ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00576.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00577.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe author's aim was to elicit the factors that determine the success or failure of corporate innovations in the European semi‐conductor and pharmaceutical industries. To do this he divided firms into two groups, the members of one having a good innovation record (‘prospectors’) and of the other a poor one (‘would‐be innovators’). Members of both groups spent heavily on R&D. The author used as his data‐base a combination of publicly available data, interviews and questionnaires administered to staff.Among the success factors identified are the following: Concentrate innovation projects and related R&D into fairly restricted channels; minimise diversification; work to explicit but not too detailed top management guidelines for innovation activity; define clear and realistic goals; minimise red‐tape and formality and be willing to revise plans frequently; ensure a close relationship between R&D, Marketing and Manufacturing, but allow R&D to maintain a long‐range perspective; provide a stimulating, supportive and well‐supervised

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00578.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew technologies and the transfer, exchange and pooling of existing technologies are impacting, at the strategic level. Research on joint activities has emphasised the industry sectoral differences and the need for more in‐depth analysis at these levels. This study of eleven companies' joint activities with government research institutes, university medical schools and other companies, in developing thirty‐four medical equipment innovations, details the mechanisms by which the expected added value from joint activities is realised.The manufacturers gained added value by:1. Appropriating user knowledge to them‐selves2. Transferring costs to the users3. Increasing private returns through co‐operation with the user in gaining market penetration4. Diffusion of costs and the capturing of benefits through intermediary‐manufactureruser interactions5. The coupling of ‘outside product champions’ to ‘inside pro

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00579.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper attempts to investigate an empirical linkage between technological innovation and productivity in two industries in the United States. During the period 1967—82, the chemical and textile industries experienced different rates of productivity growth. In spite of stiff competition from foreign manufacturers, American textile firms maintained a steady growth in productivity. This industry benefitted from major technological innovations occurring in industries supplying to it. The chemical industry faced crisis due to sudden changes in petroleum prices. Changes in regulatory requirements also imposed a different set of constraints on the chemical industry. Rate of innovation decreased quite severely in this industry during this time period.Innovation indicators were developed by obtaining data on new product/process announcements in the technical literature. Panels of technical experts from the industries and academia evaluated the data for their technical novelty. The data indicate a relationship between innovation and productivity growt

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00580.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article summarizes the results of a large scale research which was conducted in 41 large Belgian companies. One hundred thirty‐one innovation projects were studied in order to bring to light the factors encouraging or inhibiting the innovation process in large companies.A stage‐model of the innovation process is proposed, including the following phases: perception of the idea, conceptualization, development and operationalization. Favourable and unfavourable factors are emphasized at each stage. On the basis of these conclusions, recommendations are drawn which are aimed at managers, the public authorities, the universities and the trades unions. These recommendations concern three areas: increasing the technical‐economic forecasting capacity of the companies and of the economic community at large; stimulating the research efforts inside and outside the firm; organizing the innovation development process within the

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00581.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to suggest a quantitative method for analyzing the innovation risk from both technological and an economic point of view as a contribution to the strategic evaluation and planning process. Specifically the method provides a predictive evaluation of the probability of the commercial success of technological breakthroughs.The method is a quantification of the qualitative method originally developed by White and Graham. It consists of a stepwise process in which the benefits of a technology are classified under four major headings: inventive merit, embodiment merit, market merit, and operational merit. Within each heading, the target technology is evaluated by pairwise comparison with alternative technologies, using a Saaty‐type procedure. The decision‐maker can conduct a sensitivity analysis and the evaluation can be made collaborative by using a group of judges.The methodology which is computerized is described in some detail. Its use is illustrated by applying it to an hypothetical project in the field of information retrieval in which CD‐ROM is compared with three alternative technol

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00582.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe author suggests that the systematic identification of a firm's technologies opens up the possibility of evaluating, protecting, optimizing, enriching and exploiting these technologies to the full. A firm's technologies fall into two parts: those embodied and exploited in current operations and those evolving from the collective competencies of its R&D staff. The author's aim is to evaluate and describe the firm's R&D competencies.The identification of R&D competencies proceeds in three steps: tracing the background of the current and past programmes, constructing a programmes/competencies matrix, and deriving an expertise profile. The construction of the matrix is the key activity and requires much care in its execution, if competencies are to be properly defined and truly existing, and if it is to be exhaustive. The author sketches a procedure for constructing a matrix and discusses problems of implementation and draws attention to some of its limitations.The author claims that such an inventory of expertise could improve the efficiency of the use of the R&D resource, identify a laboratory's strengths and weaknesses, direct R&D into hitherto neglected channels, assist individuals to identify and evaluate their own expertise, justify obtaining funding for building expertise in shortage areas. The method should be considered as a starting point to formulate appropriate strategies to gain access to technology.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00583.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe author had been associated with the writing of a short series of case studies into the process by which companies allocate their R&D budgets to individual departments or projects. A key question became the location of responsibility for determining the objectives of work under‐taken in R&D, and also responsibility for the allocation of resources in R&D.The cases revealed that decisions were taken by senior R&D managers at one extreme, and by marketing or production managers at the other, but also most often jointly between the functions with different weightings of authority. The parameter most clearly differentiating between thelociof responsibility was the project duration. This led to the development of a two dimensional diagram correlating the expected remaining duration of the project, with the locus of responsibility for its management.It is expected that this model which fits current practice into a normative framework will enable organizations to review and adjust their present methods of coping with the complexities of R&D budgetin

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1988.tb00584.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY