ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The R and D manager who seeks to improve his ability to plan for R and D has available a plethora of descriptive and normative guidance offered by practitioners and theorists respectively. Nevertheless, while R and D planning models frequently are reported, the value of such to the practising manager merits further study inasmuch as issues of effectiveness generally are unexplored. This paper reviews the R and D planning models appearing in the literature, organizes them into a taxonomy constructed along two dimensions, considers three commonly reported planning model types, and offers suggestions to the manager regarding preferred planning model characteristics.A classification of R and D planning models is presented which organizes planning models by planning direction: top down, bottom up, mixed; and level of analysis: individual project, research program, corporate research agenda, and national/international research goals. Classified R and D planning models are explored using paradigms gleaned from the R and D and the planning literatures. The quantifiability of assumptions, the extent of internal environmental variables considered, and the recognition of external environmental interdependencies provided standards against which three commonly occurring R and D planning models are evaluated.The value of available planning models to the manager of R and D is hypothesized as is his ability to improve planning efforts through model evaluation and selection. An agenda for future research on R and D planning is proposed, based on insights gleaned from the application of the evaluation criteria to the taxonomy.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe author takes a global look at the entire world of R and D, dividing it into the Centre (the large countries of the developed world) and the Periphery (small developed countries and the Third World). Her objective is to help to formulate a programme of studies to make R and D carried out in the Periphery more relevant to its needs.Her view is that (a) too many past studies of R and D productivity have been carried out by the Centre on the Centre and (b) too much effort has been expended on measuring outputs and too little on the inputs that could be controlled to produce more output. In the paper she looks at the three major clusters of controllable input factors that could influence R and D productivity. The clusters considered are those pertaining to research groups, the ‘atoms’ of R and D (size, age, composition, management style and task diversity), to the institutional setting (organizational form, institutional goals etc.) and to the general socio‐cultural environment of the country concerned. In each case she questions whether their effects on productivity, mainly derived from studies of R and D at the Centre is likely to apply in the same way to R and D carried out at the Periphery.The author remarks that the factors listed in the paper are not exhaustive and in any case their interrelationships would also need to be discovered. The paper contains a large number of so far unanswered questions about input/ output relations in the context of the periphery that could provide starting points for res

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy definition, the processes involved in research involve an element of uniqueness and the exact nature of the end product cannot be predicted with certainty. Thus the means used for planning and controlling organisations for which research is a dominant activity cannot be the same as those for which the activities are repetitive and for which standards can be defined.This paper describes the differences in planning and control methodology to be expected between process‐oriented and research organisations and reports the results of a survey of the accounting practices of 10 research organisation

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhile technology assessment is now usually performed at government level, methods proposed in the literature for evaluating single R and D projects by industrial concerns do not generally dedicate sufficient attention to possible externalities.The authors propose a model for evaluating R and D projects based on the concept of ‘limiting constraints’ imposed by the different organizations or groups of interest with which the company interfa

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00061.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper develops microcomputer‐based R and D project selection and project evaluation models. The models use Lotus 1‐2‐3 as a vehicle to provide practical research management support suitable for a developing country. The models are readily adaptable for various R and D management applica

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00062.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the implications for the management of the stock of labour under recession conditions. First a labour market model which contrasts that model with a ‘normal’ commodity market is developed. A central feature of a labour market model is that it is characterised by wage fix‐employment flex policies due in no small part to the ‘peculiarities’ of the commodity labour. Secondly, we examine how following falls in revenues, wages and employment are brought back into alignment with product market conditions. We find that policies on the management of labour under these conditions are product market driven but with attention being paid to both objective business variables, such as markets, products, revenues, labour costs and productivity and more subjective elements such as the firm's ‘reputation’ as a ‘good’ employer. These two possibly conflicting elements are reconciled by policies using ‘instruments of adjustment’ to reduce and restructure the labour stock while holding wage le

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00063.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe author has carried out a survey to inquire into the information and communication behaviour of men and women space technologists in India. Members of a population of about 800, of whom about 70 were women, were questioned about their information seeking and transmission activities. The survey showed that on almost all aspects, including time spent on collecting information, number of contacts outside the organization, consultations with library staff, dependence on informal sources of information and so on, there were not significant differences between the sexes. The only important differences were that women used formal sources such as library documentation and consulted internal sources of information more than did men, and were much less likely to be gatekeepers. But women space technologists appeared to have low information potential in the sociometric analysis of informal contacts of the respondents as they were less likely to be chosen for discussion, advice and information by respondents than were men space technologists.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00064.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00065.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stimulating Innovation: A Systems Approach. T. Rickards, London, Frances Pinter. xi + 221 pages.MICHAEL A. WESTThe Strategic Discount—Ways to an Entrepreneurial Strategy by G. J. Pearson, John Wiley&Sons, Chichester. 1985A. WILKINSONModels For Innovation Diffusion by Vijay Mahajan and Robert A. Peterson. Sage Publications, Beverley Hills/London/New Delhi. 1985. Softback $5.00GEORGE HAYWARDAnalytical Planning—The Organisation of Systems by Thomas L. Saaty and Kevin P. Keams, Pergamon Press. 1985. Hardback £29.50 $40.DAVID SUTTONManagement in Transition by Philip R. Harris. Jossey‐Bass Publishers 1985 Hardback £33 00 xxvii and 404 pages.GEORGE HAYWARDScience Parks and Innovation Centres: Their Economic and Social Impact. Proceedings of the conference held in Berlin, 13–15 February 1985 edited by J. M. Gibb. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. 1985. Hardback. US $64.75, Dfl. 175.00. ix. 477pp.Science Parks in Britain: Their role for the late 1980's by Jean Currie. CSP Economic Publications 1985. Softback £98.105pp.Britain's New Products: The AICE Report (2nd Edition) compiled and published by the Association of Innovation Centre Executives. 1986 Paperback £6.00. vii. 39pp.G. HAYWARDIntroduction to Goal Programming by J. P. Ignizio, Sage University Paper, Quantitative Applications in the Social Science Series. No. 56. 1986. £4.95.C. H. ONGHuman Resources Accounting—advances in concepts, methods and applications by Eric G. F

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1987.tb00066.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY