摘要:

AbstractWhite‐collar unions have been growing substantially in the last decade and managerial unionism is forming an important partof the growth. A number of new trade unions designed exclusively for managers and professional workers are expected to have more appeal than traditional unions. The increasing concentration of employment, more favourable attitudes of employers to white‐collar unions, changes in labour law, continuing problems with the managementof the economy and the effecton pay differentials and the developmentof defensive managerial unions with a moderate character are seen as the main factors explaining the growth of managerial unionism. By virtue of their avowed moderation and exclusiveness, doubts are expressed about the likely effectiveness of these unions, and as managers and professional workers are joining the unions for instrumental, rather than ideological reasons, lack of results may lead to further developments toward traditional trade union

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines thechangesthat have occurred in the management and scale of R&D, in the contextof the'gas industry's experience. As a resultof the discovery o f North Sea gas and new and expanding operations, R&D has become larger, more central, and thus more integrated into and accountable to the organization as a whole. This has resulted in greater centralization and planning administered according to the ‘sponsorship’ principle.These changes have highlighted theproblems of R&Dchoice and the comparison of commercial and non‐commercial objectives in a public sector industry. The unique constraints under which nationalized industries operate and their commitment to the ‘public interest’ as well as to commercial goals, are discussed. These bear upon the way in which R&D decisions not amenable to cost/benefit analysis (such as the balance between long and short term work) are made. It is emphasized that these decisions are made by the industry as a whole and that R&D must thus be seen to be complying with industry objectives.The example ofBritish Gas R&D Planningis used to show how ‘sponsorship’ operates and its values for R&D and the restof the industry. Comparison with other public sector industries indicates that there is no one great system for R&D and that its administration is a function of the history, technological characteristics, and present situation of the industry. These imply different procedures appropriate for the innovation process within the Industry.The role of British Gaswithin a national energy policy is discussed. The separation of the fuel industries affects the assumptions on which R&D plans are made and thus the degree of uncertainty inherent in all R&D planning. This raises interest‐ ing questions about the degree of flexibility possible in defining each industry's

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we consider why formalized project selection systems are inappropriate to the difficulties of deciding what should constitute the R&D programme for the National Coal Board. We suggest that mostof these objections would apply to programme planning in any of the major industries generally referred to as ‘the public utilities'. We propose that the area of greatest need for O.R. work in this field is in providing a scenario of the physical characteristics of the industry in the period 10–15 years ahead and to use this scenario to indicate the relative acuteness of the technological problems the industry will f

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA company model is presented which may be used to assess the effecton future company performance of the level of investment in research and development. A distinctive feature of the model is the postulation of research return curve which relates the available return on potential new capital investments to the amountof capital invested and the size of a research pool. The latter is related to past R&D expenditure. It is shown how the research return curve may be adjusted to represent different types of industry and how a suitable form for this curve may be derived from company records. Examples are given of the use of the model for sensitivity and optimization studies.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01097.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough the morphological approach to the exploration of technological possibilities was first described by Zwicky in 1962 in relation to jet engine systems and used by him as early as 1942, it has received less attention as a tool for creativity than it deserves. Jantsch in his classical review of technological forecasting attempted to establish interest in the methodology, referring to it as ‘a systematic investigation of all the possible solutions to a given problem, without any prejudice, using matrix representations in as many dimensions as there are basic parameters'. Since that time both he and a few others, notably Ayres have continued their interest in its application, dealing with problems in the fields of food production and materials processing.But less recognition has been given to the use of morphology as an everyday tool in the creative approach to simpler and less comprehensive technologies and it is a purpose of this paper to indicate how this can, and indeed should, be effected by those involved in R&D management and plannin

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01098.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe postal survey reported here was undertaken as partof an on‐going three year study into post war innovation and change in textile machinery funded by a grant from the Science Research Council. The prime aim of this study, which is in its final phase, is to discover those technical, production, marketing, managerial and economic factors that facilitate the successful commercialization of innovations and to identify those factors which contribute to failure. In all, a total of twenty organizations are being studied in depth, about half in the UK and half abroa

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01099.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01100.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01101.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Expected Return jrom Pharmaceutical ResearchEconomics of Research and Development

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb01102.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY