摘要:

AbstractA simple dynamic model is developed that describes some of the important aspects of research and development projects. Its purpose is illustration of the applicability of dynamic modelling to understanding the key factors affecting R&D performance. The model recognizes the differences among real, perceived, and reported progress on the job. It also includes the effect of schedule pressures on productivity. Simulation results are presented that, among other things, illustrate the trade‐off between meeting schedule and maintaining organizational stability, the effects of rapid problem detection and response, and the difficulties due to the intangible nature of R&D progres

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA large number of engineers work in organizations with specialized jobs of a routine nature. In many ways they can be compared with workers on a production line; it is the same work that is done over and over again. Empirical studies demonstrate that this leads to frustration.There is no standard solution available, but there are a number of approaches that can lead to greater satisfaction if one is willing to experiment with them. A more organic, less structured management system and more use of problem oriented project groups may bring benefits. Job enrichment, where engineers are given more responsibility by transfer of tasks previously done by managers and seniors, and special training where engineers are given an opportunity to systematically develop their capabilities should be considered. Further, organizational development must be mentioned where an external change agent together with the people involved develops a solution aiming at the satisfaction of the needs of both the individual and the organization. Finally come flexible working hours which have an indirect effect on the job situation by allowing for a richer life off the job.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper represents an attempt to assess the economic impact of a publicly funded agricultural research institute in cost‐benefit terms. The institute is the Scottish Plant Breeding Station which was responsible for breeding two successful main‐crop potato varieties. Benefits, achieved and prospective, from new crop varieties are calculated from estimates of resources saved in producing constant crops at reduced acreages but with higher yields. Over the timescale 1951‐97, costs (discounted at 10/SL to 1972) total 9‐7 M/SL and benefits total 29‐8 M/SL (of which 21‐1 M/SL is attributable to the two successful potatoes). The net present value is estimated as 20‐1 M/SL (B/C 3‐1) (very probably in the range 12‐37 M/SL, B/C 2‐2‐4‐8).In discussion it is pointed out that few cost‐benefit studies of agricultural research are available and that the administrative implications of the present study are far from clear. Plant breeding, in general, being largely free of environmental or welfare effects, seems to be economically attractive and socially benign; and it must become even more attractive with rising fo

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper, the main conclusions of the research which has demonstrated the significance of person to person communication in technical information transfer are summarized. Some of the major international and national policy statements and projects on ‘STI’ are then reviewed in the light of these findings. Finally, the implications of the comparison are discussed and suggestions put forward as to how the agencies concerned and the Information Profession may take active measures to further develop the informal channels, shown to be the most effective of those availa

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes a management aid devised to illustrate the inter‐relationships between present company business activities and the investigational activities of the various company R&D functions. It is based on the‐ construction of a three‐dimensional model in which the raw material, process and market parameters are the axes. Use of the model can facilitate project definition and selection in R and D departments and can be extended as a management aid in studies of R&D resource allocation and acquisition st

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhen corporate planning has been tried by a number of organizations a number of difficulties have arisen. These are often a consequence of the planning system itself and the manner of its introduction to the organization. A new approach is described in this paper by which planning is introduced in stages. Each is a logical development of the previous one but each makes a reasonable demand on the staff and there is time to ensure that the data needed at each stage by the staff is available. Furthermore, the staff contribute to the development of the planning system which, at each stage in its evolution, is adapted to their needs. Having thus described the introduction and evolution of a planning system in an organization, a later paper will review how the technical function of a company can link into it.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Managing Technological Innovation, B. TwissTechnology Transfer: How to make it work, Hyman OlkenScience and Technology in India, A. Rahman, R. N. Bhargava, M. A. Qureshi and Sudarshan PruthiTechnological Planning and Social Futures, Eric Jantsch

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1974.tb01224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY