摘要:

AbstractIncreasing technological complexity together with contemporary social and legal pressures have made it necessary to develop more effective approaches to safety. The need is particularly strong in the design and operation of chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. An approach has been developed by one company operating in these fields and applied to its production facilities for a number of years. This paper describes the approach together with the recent extension of the method into the R&D area.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe author has long been an advocate of the systems approach to forecasting, particularly in the area of resource allocation.In making a number of seminar presentations to middle and senior management, both in the U. K. and the U. S. A., questions from the floor revealed that systems thinking is not as widespread as had been believed. While the media's past attention to the ‘Limits of Growth’ (Meadows, 1972) has communicated the impossibility of infinite expansion, many decision makers remain unaware of the closed‐loop characteristics of the systems in which they work.On the contrary. While activities are often seen as the prime raison d'etre, the nature and origin of the driving force is often mis‐interpreted and the modifying feed‐back controls completely ignored.This paper, therefore, attempts to show that a basic closed‐loop system is the only rational precursor to methodology development for decision making. If this action reveals the genuine system parameters then the researcher may well be performing his most helpful service to the dec

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper examines fourteen post war innovations; five in the flour milling industry, four in the malting industry, and five in the dairy industry. The major work has been carried out in the flour milling industry, with supportive studies in the malting and dairy industries. Examination is made of the characteristics of the innovations as perceived by technical managers who are in a position to influence adoption or non‐adoption. The research sets out to study the relationship between the perceived characteristics of the innovations and their diffusion times. It is hoped that the results will be of value to engineering designers and marketing managers in the capital equipment manufacturing industries by enabling them to develop a clearer understanding of adoptors and non‐adoptors of innovations and also to study the inter‐relationships between different sectors of the industries which they serve. Two forms of profiles of the characteristics of innovations are pres

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have successfully used Research Planning Diagrams in our laboratory for the last six years. We see their principal use as communication. They are able to show the steps of complex and uncertain research projects simply and clearly to the planner, his staff and most importantly, to his management. A Research Planning Diagram can convey complex planning on a single side of paper where previously several pages of description were necessary.Individual researchers approach and plan their work differently. By using Research Planning Diagrams tactical approaches to research can be seen clearly and if necessary, action can be taken at an early stage to alter the detail and so fit the project into the wider context of the laboratory and product area management.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMany organizations are at the present time faced with two problems. First, what are the events that are likely to have important implications for their activities in future time periods? Second, what new areas should they consider entering and how can they make quick appraisal of the potential in such areas? There are no easy answers to either of these questions but a number of methods have been proposed which have been found to be of assistance. This paper outlines an approach based on the use of abstracting services which can provide useful information quickly and inexpensively.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere exists in medical research, and in fact, in other projects involving the delivery of human services or scientific experimentation, a series of decisions regarding the trade‐off between efficiency and effectiveness. The objectives of this paper are (1) to describe the dilemma involving these two measures of performance and (2) to provide a solution to the identified trade‐

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent work by Näslund and Sellstedt report results which apparently conflict with accepted opinion on the techniques generally adopted in R&D budgeting. The analysis here suggests that these results can be reconciled with previous analyses and that in fact the role of ‘big science’ in Swedish R&D as well as relative size of Swedish firms compared to large U. S. and U. K. firms may explain the different conventions adopted in Swedish indu

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1976.tb00114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1977.tb01252.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY