摘要:

AbstractThe author establishes the point that although English is the major language of scientific and technical communication important work is published in other languages, notably German, Russian and Japanese. The author argues that English‐speaking scientists and technologists are probably unaware of this work to the detriment of technical progress. Presenting evidence that the three traditional cures' are impractical or unworkable (i.e. become pro‐ ficient in foreign languages, wait for effective machine translation or agree on a single scientific communication language) the author recommends a new approach. This is that certainly German and probably Russian should be compulsory but unexamined parts of the scientific educational curriculum, right through the secondary and higher educational stages. He also advocates in a more limited way a new type of course in Japanese in which it is treated more as a code than as a langu

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01304.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper outlines a low‐cost manual‐scanning approach for monitoring national and organi‐ zational research performance using a range of publication and citation indicators. We present the results of a case‐study on integrated optics, a subfield of optical physics with potential industrial importance in that it may lead to the development of optical analogues of integrated circuits. It is argued that the assessment approach adopted may be of value in R&D management and strategic planning for both companies and government research‐funding

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01305.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes the results of a case‐study carried out within the context of a wider evaluation of the benefits and costs of international collaboration in Europe for the development of fast breeder reactors. The Cabri reactor is a large scale research facility jointly owned and operated by France and Germany, with the UK, USA, and Japan involved as junior partners. The organisation of the collaboration is discussed. Particular issues include problems surrounding barter arrange‐ ments, personnel aspects and the extent to which costs and benefits have been incurred. It is concluded that a substantial saving was achieved compared with performing the work in one country, but at a cost of reduced national control. The collaboration was facilitated by the lack of immediate commercial significance and by the organisational struct

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01306.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper provides a discussion of dimensions and variables along these dimensions which are believed to be relevant to the control of R&D. Control models gleaned from the literature are compared and classified into a threedimensional taxonomy of control models. The proposed dimensions and the variables associated with them are:Focus (i.e. project, related projects, programs);Technical Effort Measurement (Le. project milestones, program goals, organizational agenda);Financial Orientation (i.e. expense, capital). Of the eighteen potential control models yielded by the taxonomy, nine were found to be reported in use in the literature.In addition, the authors hypothesize that organizational history, profitability, structure, task environment, type of research conducted, and hierarchical level of control are important determinants of the type of control employed in organizations. How these factors influence the control variables employed in organizations is hypothesized and discussed.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01307.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe guide proposes a simple model consisting of a set of divergent and convergent activities with reviews before continuing to the next phase of development. The use of the model is designed to improve the productivity of those associated with development. None of the individual tasks is novel; the key to increasing the chances of success lies in the commitment and common understanding which can be generated. Examples are given relating to the chemical industry and to software engineering. Keywords: Development methodology, chemical processes, software engineering.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01308.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01309.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Multinational Corporate Strategy—planning for world marketsby J. C. Leontiades. D. C. Heath&CompanyGoing for Growth—Technological Innovation in Manufacturing Industries, by R. C. Parker. John WileyStimulating Innovation—A Systems Approach, by Tudor Rickards. Frances Pinter Ltd.,

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01310.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Long Waves in the World Economy.Christopher Freeman (Ed.), Frances Pinter (Publishers), 1983.Man and Information Technology: towards friendlier systems.Edited by J. H. F. van Apeldoorn.The Industrial Research Institute of New York has published, at $20, a volume of papers on Project Management selected fromResearch ManagementTechnologies and Markets, by J. J. Verschuur, IEEE Management of Technology Series 1, Peter Peregrinus Ltd.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1986.tb01311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY