ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00087.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract. This paper describes the application of three comparative procedures for scaling the relative worth of research and development projects. One procedure which assigns a monetary value to each project in units comparable to those used to measure the resources consumed proved to be simple for judges to understand and apply. Its application to sets of projects drawn from two laboratories permits investigating the degree of consensus among subject judges with various organizational affiliations and responsibilities. Significant differences in behavior were observed. Both the methodological and behavioral findings are potentially valuable to researchers and administrators dealing with the R&D function in public and private sectors.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract. The paper describes briefly some of the problems faced in the management of R&D in the British Scientific Instrument Industry and an opportunity of re‐organization following the merger of several small companies.The reasons for a hybrid rather than a project orientated or functional organization are given, with special reference to economies of standardization and flexibility of resources resulting from size. The method of resource allocation and project control is outlined and some qualitative conclusions on the results of this approach are draw

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract. There is considerable confusion about the meaning of the term management by objectives and of the appropriateness to the R&D environment of the various procedures which many organizations have adopted under the general heading of MBO. This short paper reports on a pilot study of five organizations, carried out in order to obtain information about the use, or otherwise, of MBO.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract. This study of the accuracy of cost and duration estimates, both initial and intermediate, for industrial R&D projects, is based mainly on analysis of the records of 475 projects in four varying research organizations. Mean ratios of actual to estimated cost ranging from 0.97 to 1.51 are obtained, and mean ratios of actual to estimated duration from 1.39 to 3.04. The results are generally similar to those of other British and American studies, with which they are compared.There is no evidence that the information gained as projects progress enables their future cost and duration to be estimated more accurately; at best, the accuracy of such estimates remains constant. No effect of project size on estimate accuracy is found; effects of project length on accuracy, and of time (i.e. increasing experience) on accuracy are found only in one organization each. The pattern of expenditure over time is examined, and found on average to be not far from linear, though with wide individual project variations.When the individual project ratios are reduced by constant factors representing optimistic or pessimistic bias (derived from the mean ratios, and assumed to be characteristic of the firm), and then subjected to a log transformation to make their distribution more symmetrical, the remaining variation, which is a measure of the inaccuracy of estimation for the individual projects, is closely similar in the four organizations, and not greatly different in the organizations covered by other studies when the data are similarly treated.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract. Despite the rise in the importance of science as a daily concern of modern man, until recently factors affecting the conduct of scientific research have not been objectively studied. We found that over 80% of the publications from 1950 to 1961 dealing with the administration of research were based on speculation rather than on objective evidence. These speculative publications, for the most part, tended to reinforce, rather than to critically examine, prevalent conceptions of science and its administration.One of the most entrenched of these conceptions is the importance ascribed to the differences between basic and applied research. It is my contention that the dichotomy, basic and applied (and such related dichotomies as limited and fundamental, theoretical and action, etc.), hinders rather than advances our knowledge of the relationship between organizational structure and scientific accomplishment. The distinction between basic and applied research is not directly related to the research process and therefore can only be of limited value in research administration. Further, the mystique around the terms ‘basic’ and ‘applied’ appears to have led to patterns of research administration based on misconceptions rather than on knowledge. Two other distinctions, urgency and predictability of the research, are suggested as more viable distinctions than the basic‐applied dichotomy. Using recent research findings from small group research and the sociology of science, we have attempted to show how these distinctions can serve as guidelines in the administration o

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract. In certain products, such as aircraft or ships, innovation is not always easily recognizable. Major developments in components and systems can be overshadowed by the total product. Innovation is spread over many different items and timescales. The article describes an approach where innovatory activity in shipbuilding is planned and carried out by those involved in design production in several departments, rather than confined to a separate R&D department. The aims, organization, and procedures are described, including the process of project evaluation. The article concludes with a review of project success rate, and draws conclusions particularly about the key roles of marketing and individual performance.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00094.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00095.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1971.tb00096.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY