ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00954.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00955.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper outlines how networking between smaller companies and larger companies is evolving and how these changes need to be incorporated into policies for regional economic development. The strengths and weaknesses of the Tuscan region are outlined and on the basis of this situation a strategy was devised to exploit its scientific and technological resources. A particular feature of the strategy is the establishment of a new optical fibre communications system linking three university centres, Pisa, Florence and Siena.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00956.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this article, a comprehensive descriptive model of R&D knowledge management is presented and its use illustrated. Knowledge is defined as: information internalized by means of research, study or experience, that has value for the organization. First, the issue of knowledge management is placed in the context of R&D management, and set alongside what has been written in R&D management literature about topics such as information management, information technology in R&D, technology transfer, communication and organizational learning. Then, we present our descriptive model, and apply it in a case study concerning a Dutch multinational in the chemical industry. The model served as an aid to identify bottlenecks, and was a useful starting point for formulating improvement plans, some of which are presented. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the model as a communication and analysis tool, and ideas for further improvement.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00957.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper presents the first results of research carried out by the authors in the research centre of an important Italian industrial group. The management of the centre is strongly interested in new methodological approaches to identify and to represent individual competences. To satisfy this specific need, the authors suggest a method based on the matrix of competences that is the set of relationships between capabilities and situations. The situations and the capabilities are identified by analysing the judgements that other subjects, internal or external to the organization, express on an individual's behaviour.A sample of fifteen individuals has been investigated in order to identify their individual competences and the most significant situations within the centre. For each individual a network of subjects, the supervisor and some clients and collaborators, has been considered. On the basis of the results, the implications for management are discussed, with particular regard to the design of new procedures for personnel evaluation.

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00958.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports on a study of the use of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ technologies as tools for managing global new product teams. ‘Hard’ technologies consist of electronic mail, teleconferencing, fax, video conferencing, and other electronic means of facilitating communication. ‘Soft’ technologies, on the other hand, reflect managerial behaviors that are necessary to deal with the social and behavioral aspects of global new product development. Our study suggests that:The frequency of use of hard technologies is greater for higher versus lower performing global teams.The set of hard technologies perceived to be important is different for higher versus lower performing global teams.How well soft technologies are used is greater for higher performing global teams.Soft technologies are seen as more important than hard technologies.Implications of these findings for managers and future researc

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00959.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines and explains the nature of networking in the Russian aerospace industry under the centrally administered innovation system and the impact on the network of the changes that have arisen post‐perestroika. The context, pre‐August 1991, was a centrally administered innovation system with the dominance of the military in resource allocation in a ‘shortage’ economy.The network was made up of the ministry of defence, design bureaux, manufacturing plants, research institutes, specialist universities and testing centres and the Aircraft Certification Authority. The focal actor was the aircraft design bureaux.The role and relationships between the actors concerned with aircraft design, development, manufacturing and marketing are determined by the activities that they perform in the seven stage innovation process, the resources available and the strategies that they adopt.Post‐perestroika the need for new customers, international certification, western collaboration, and the presence of supply chain disruption and the funding crisis are reshaping the network. The new actors, post‐perestroika, include new customers, financiers, the Department of Aviation Industry, International Certification Authorities, the ICAO and ‘nearest and furthest abroad’ subcontractors. A major change has been the linking together of the design bureaux, aircraft manufacturing, engine and avionics plants, subcontractors, financial institutions and aircraft export agencies into joint stock Complexes, or Financial Industria

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00960.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA major focus of national and institutional research policies during the 1990s has been on improving linkages between publicly funded research activities and industry for the purpose of advancing economic and other national objectives. The transfer of scientific knowledge, however, within and between public research institutions, universities and other innovative organizations is taking place within rapidly changing organizational environments. The emergence of new organizational structures that transcend institutional boundaries, scientific disciplines and the boundaries between basic and applied research are all contributing to as well as responding to changes in the ways science intersects with industrial innovation.Recent international evidence suggests that innovative organizations during the next decade will depend more on their ability to maintain quite complex organizational research linkages than on their internal organizational research capabilities. Case studies of the organizational approach adopted by companies and commercial‐research agency consortia in China and Australia lead to a discussion of a typology of academic‐industry alliances. The typology provides insights into different collaborative R&D management strategies associated with different forms of science‐industry all

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00961.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne prominent feature of biotechnology in the UK is the close relationship between the public‐sector science base and industry. Using information from interviews, the system for technology transfer is examined and four main institutional actors are identified: sponsors (both public and private, which fund research), hosts (which provide an environment in which research takes place), users (which commercialize research) and intermediaries (which act as agents in the technology transfer process). Models of the process of technology transfer are developed which incorporate knowledge flows between these institutions and the accompanying contractual, and financial/ economic relations. The direction, scale and formality of these interactions is examined and it is suggested that institutional approaches can capture important feedbacks and relationships which are overlooked in traditional stage and activity models of innovation.In particular, intermediaries are highlighted, and it is suggested that they play an important role in contractual and financial/economic linkages in three ways: (i) by acting as agents between institutions in the presence of an imperfect knowledge market, (ii) by performing a liaison function for firms sourcing external know‐how, and (iii) by providing access to complementary assets for development of technologies internally.In the conclusion, we argue that institutional models can (a) help to define optimal linkage structures for specific technological areas at national and supranational levels (e.g. between members of the European Union) and (b) highlight the presence of inter‐agency tensions and help identify the appropriate management options for resolving

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00962.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-6807    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00963.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY