ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1080

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1081

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTransforming Growth Factor‐Beta (TGF‐β) is the general name for a family of naturally‐occurring polypeptides which have multiple regulatory effects on cell proliferation and differentiation. Over the last decade it has become apparent that TGF‐βs can be produced by most cell types and exert a wide range of effects in a context‐dependent autocrine, paracrine or endocrine fashion via interactions with distinct receptors on the cell surface. This review summarizes current knowledge concerning the molecular and cellular biology of TGF‐β3, the most recently described mammalian isoform, and focuses on those physiological actions which may lead to clinical applications, particularly in the indication areas of wound healing and c

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1082

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTransforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) is a close relative of epidermal growth factor (EGF), the first polypeptide mitogen discovered in 1962 (Cohen, 1962). TGFα, like EGF, exerts its effect on cells through binding to the EGF‐Receptor (EGF‐R). Here we review the molecular and cell biology of TGFα before proceeding to describe our own work on signaling molecules induced in response to activation of the

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1083

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPlatelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent activator for cells of mesenchymal origin. Two different PDGF chains termed A and B encoded by different genes have been identified leading to three different PDGF isoforms, the AA and BB homodimers and the AB heterodimer. All three forms have been observed in vivo and possess biological activity in vitro with the AA homodimer being the poorest cellular mitogen. The availability of highly purified recombinant PDGF isoforms was the initial basis for comparative studies in order to specify the different spectra of activity of the various PDGF species. This review is particularly focused on the AB heterodimer as from the standpoint of heterologous gene expression, this species is the one with the highest demands concerning expression and purification protocols. This explains the fact that, in comparison to PDGF‐BB, only very limited data on the in vivo application of PDGF‐AB are available s

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1084

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTKeratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a member of the heparin‐binding fibroblast growth factor family (FGF‐7) with a distinctive pattern of target‐cell specificity. Studies performed in cell culture suggested that KGF was mitogenically active only on epithelial cells, albeit from a variety of tissues. In contrast, KGF was produced solely by cells of mesenchymal origin, leading to the hypothesis that it might function as a paracrine mediator of mesenchymal‐epithelial communication. Biochemical analysis and molecular cloning established that the KGF receptor (KGFR) was a tyrosine kinase isoform encoded by the fgfr‐2 gene. Many detailed investigations of KGF and KGFR expression in whole tissue and cell lines largely substantiated the pattern initially perceived in vitro of mesenchymal and epithelial distribution, respectively. Moreover, functional assays in organ culture and in vivo and studies of KGF regulation by sex sterorid hormones reinforced the idea that KGF acts predominantly on epithelial cells to elicit a variety of responses including proliferation, migration and morp

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1085

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEpidermal growth factor (EGF) is a single polypeptide of 53 amino acid residues which is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Egf exerts its effects in the target cells by binding to the plasma membrane located EGF receptor. The EGF receptor is a transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase. Binding of EGF to the receptor causes activation of the kinase and subsequently receptor autophosphorylation. The autophosphorylation is essential for the interaction of the receptor with its substrates. These bind to the receptor by the so‐called SH2 domains.The signal transduction pathways activated by EGF include the phosphatidylinositol pathway, leading to activation of protein kinase C and to increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and to the ras pathway leading to MAP kinase activation.Recently the cytoplasm has been implicated as playing an important role in EGF induced signal transduction. The EGF receptor has been demonstrated to be an actin‐binding protein. In addition EGF causes a rapid actin depolymerisation and the formation of membrane ruffles. In particular these membrane ruffles have been shown to act as the first site of signal transduction after EGF binding, and thus may be considered as signal transduction structures. Finally evidence has been presented suggesting a positive role for EGF and/or the receptor in the nucl

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1086

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAcidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) are ubiquitous cytokines found in many tissues. They have effects on multiple cell types derived from mesoderm and neuroectoderm, including endothelial cells. In this review the structure and function of the fibroblast growth factor family and its receptors are described. The evidence implicating both FGF‐1 and FGF‐2 in the control of blood vessel formation is presented and their involvement in normal and pathological angiogenesis during adult life is then described in more

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1087

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe insulin‐like growth factors I and II are single chain polypeptides homologous to proinsulin. IGF I and IGF II contribute to cell regulation and stimulate protein synthesis via signaling through type I receptors which are homologous to insulin receptors and activate phosphorylation cascades. IGFs enhance the proliferation of chondocytes and the proliferation of their collagen and proteoglycan matrix; IGFs stimulate longitudinal (endochondral) bone growth. Throughout life, IGFs are constitutvely expressed ubiquitous factors which help to maintain the survival of differentiated cells, Increased expression is found during growth and tissue repair, Six specific binding proteins, IGFBP 1‐6, allow additional tissue compartment specific control of IGF activity; IGFBP production favours storage and IGFBP cleavage leads to activat

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1088

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNerve growth factor (NFF) is the prototypic member of a family of related neurotrophins (Nts). Although originally defined by its actions in the peripheral and central nervous systems, recent data indicate the presence of extensive interactions between NGF and the endocrine and immune systems steroid hormones are able to modulate the neurosomal expression of NGF, while functional NGF receptors have been detected on cells of the immune system, and increased levels of NGF protein are found during the acute phase of diseases with a significant inflammatory component. These wider functions are likely to be of concern in any attempted therapeutic use of NGF.

ISSN:1065-6995    

DOI:10.1006/cbir.1995.1089

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY