摘要:

The paper is concerned with the concept, definition and measurement of a service. Although services are often dismissed as immaterial goods, they are not special kinds of goods and belong in a quite different logical category from goods. The search for appropriate units of quantity in which to measure services is not an idle metaphysical pursuit. Without quantity units there can be no prices, and most economic theory becomes irrelevant. Indeed, large parts of economic theory may be irrelevant to the analysis of services anyway, precisely because they are not goods which can be exchanged among economic units. Services are as important as goods in modern developed economies and they need to be identified and quantified properly if the measurement of economic growth and inflation is to have any meaning for the economy as a whole. The concept of a service is explained in some detail in the paper, and various ways in which services can be classified for purposes of economic analysis are elaborated. The distinction between private and public goods, or rather between private and collective services, is re‐examined in the light of the general concept of a service proposed in the paper. Externalities are shown to be simply special kinds of service

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper reports experience in constructing social accounting matrices (SAMs) for three national economies, viz. Iran, Sri Lanka and Swaziland. The SAMs focus particularly on the distribution of income through disaggregation of household sector income and outlay accounts consistent with more conventional disaggregation of production, factors, etc. The SAMs were conceived as an initial step towards understanding income distribution as an integral part of the development process and have been developed in parallel with work on planning models. Both the Iran and Sri Lanka SAMs were constructed within the context of the International Labour Office, World Employment Programme: that for Iran was intended as a contribution to the work of the Comprehensive Employment Strategy Mission to Iran under WEP auspices; while the Sri Lanka SAM was more specifically a research oriented study. The Swaziland study was financed by the Overseas Development Ministry, London as a research activity.Some learning‐by‐doing was involved in the sequence of SAMs and the problems encountered, solutions adopted and lessons learned provide the main substance of the pa

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Household budget data collected in 1966–1971 in eleven cities in six South American countries are used to define individual mean budget structures (means of budget shares across households). These structures are then compared by indexes of dissimilarity, calculated for the entire budget and also for major components: food, animal protein foods, nonfood, and housing and clothing. Differences among cities in real income account for much of the difference in the share of the consumer budget devoted to food, which in turn is a principal source of overall budget dissimilarity. Within the food and nonfood budgets separately, income is of somewhat less importance; prices and preferences become more significant. Budget structures tend for this reason to be similar for cities in the same country. The structure of nonfood spending also varies markedly between coastal and interior cities, largely because of differences in housing costs. The available price data account for dissimilarities which depend on the price of a single large category of spending, but they do not help explain structural differences involving many categories: prices seem more important for nonfood than for food expenditures. Regression analysis is used to weigh the importance of each variable contributing to dissimilarit

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The multiplier effects resulting from an isolated increase in the level of public consumption within different public branches are investigated and the policy implications are discussed. The article begins with a theorethical analysis which shows why and in which ways these multipliers can be expected to differ between public branches. Thereafter, an empirical investigation is given, based on simulations with an econometric model of the Swedish economy. In this model the public activities are divided into 13 different public branches. The effects of an increase in public consumption on employment, imports and private consumption are found to differ considerably depending on which branch of the public sector is expanded. Some implications for short run stabilization policy are discussed. The article ends with a special analysis of the implications for a medium term planning problem: the trade off between private and public consumption growth. This analysis throws new light on the old topic “private or public consumption”. In an economy with highly differentiated production in the public sector the trade‐off is shown not to be unique. The sacrifice of private consumption growth corresponding to a given growth of public consumption expenditures will vary considerably according to the distribution of the public consumption growth within the different branches of the public s

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Starting out from the observation that both imports and exports may be viewed as the difference between domestic consumption (use) and production, static standard theory of biases in consumption and production indices is brought to bear upon trade indices: Laspeyres tends to overrate when applied to imports and to underrate when applied to exports; for Paasche, the opposite holds true. Hence, terms of trade tend to be underrated (exaggerated) when based upon Laspeyres (Paasche) price indices. The problem of extending these conclusions to the case of changes in production frontiers and preference maps is discussed. When homotheticity is absent, correlation between price and quantity relatives may upset the simple conclusions. This is of special importance in the large‐country situation. Dynamics further complicate the situation. A cobweb mechanism in exports may thus reverse the static result

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY