摘要:

National accounts have provided the most widely used indicators for the assessment of economic performance, trends of economic growth and of the economic counterpart of social welfare. However, two major drawbacks of national accounting have raised doubts about the usefulness of national accounts data for the measurement of long‐term sustainable economic growth and socio‐economic development. These drawbacks are the neglect of (a) scarcities of natural resources which threaten the sustained productivity of the economy and (b) the degradation of environmental quality from pollution and its effects on human health and welfare. In the present paper, the authors attempt to reflect environmental concerns in an accounting framework which maintains as far as possible SNA concepts and principles. To this end, the accounting framework is used to develop a “SNA Satellite System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting” (SEEA). Environmental costs of economic activities, natural asset accounts and expenditures for environmental protection and enhancement, are presented in flow accounts and balance sheets in a consistent manner, i.e. maintaining the accounting identities of SNA. Such accounting permits the definition and compilation of modified indicators of income and expenditure, product, capital and value added, allowing for the depletion of natural resources, the degradation of environmental quality and social response to these effects. A desk study of a selected country is used to clarify the proposed approaches, to demonstrate their application in future country studies and to illustrate the quantitative effects of the use of modified concepts on the results of a

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00350.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Output and productivity estimates for U.S. government organizations are a useful management tool, and are of potential value for improving national income accounts. Real gross government product is currently estimated on the basis of labor input data. However, this imparts a downward bias to real GNP estimates since labor productivity of federal civilian employees has risen, according to Labor Department estimates begun in 1972, at an average annual rate of 1; percent since 1967. The estimates now cover almost 70 percent of the employees. The chief avenue for further improvement lies in refinement of the output indicators. Coverage of state and local government employees is spotty and needs to be expanded. The author also recommends a major effort to estimate public capital stocks in current and constant prices as a basis for measuring rental values, capital inputs, and productivity.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00351.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The extraction of fuels and metals and production of agricultural goods in the USSR involve increasing marginal cost, which generates economic rent. In computing Soviet GNP accounts, though, the CIA excludes economic rent in measuring value added. The effect is to value output at average, as opposed to marginal, cost. The exclusion of rent understates the shares of fuels, metals, and agriculture in Soviet GNP, which adversely affects the CIA's calculations of Soviet growth. In this paper, the author estimates the economic rent generated by Soviet extraction of fuels and metals and agricultural production. He then uses the estimates to recompute the shares of these sectors in Soviet GNP, and GNP growth. The results suggest that inclusion of economic rent in value added (or alternatively, marginal cost valuation of output) more than doubles the share in GNP of mining (fuels and metals extraction), and increases agriculture's share during the 1980s from 20 percent to about 25 percent. The reestimates of Soviet GNP growth also differ from those of the CIA by 10–30 percen

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00352.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper, the author argues for radical revision of the 1968 SNA in the direction of simplification, in order to give greater emphasis to essential concepts, and for flexibility, so that each country can develop its own SAMs within a general conceptual framework as a response to domestic priorities and issues. It is suggested that general equilibrium models should replace input‐output as the central conceptualisation of the system, leading to an equal emphasis on prices and quantities, and an equal concern within the SNA for income distribution, factor markets and production structure, set in the context of external flows and balance

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00353.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper takes the form of advice given to a hypothetical government on the construction of a tax‐benefit model. The importance of the quality of the data and the care taken in its adjustment is emphasised. The choice of the unit of analysis, the requirements of the income data, methods of updating and the coverage and representativeness of the dataset as a whole is discussed. Caution in making use of estimates of behavioural change is advised. Throughout, examples drawn from the construction of TAXMOD, a model for the U.K., are used to illustrate particular point

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00354.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00355.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00356.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Conventional national accounts are often seen as concentrating on the production process, on how goods and services are produced, rather than on consumption, or who the products serve. Production finances consumption via income generation, distribution and re‐distribution. This paper demonstrates this inter‐action by elaborating a full economic accounting matrix, and takes both theoretical and practical considerations into account. The aim is to explore how far the revised SNA can and should give emphasis to issues of income distribution and consumpt

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY