摘要:

By expenditure on education, health, housing and other public services, governments provide many goods and services which are alternatives to, or additional to, household expenditure on consumption. In most Western national accounts, the two forms of consumption are rigidly separated. Yet the combination of the two–the concept of total household consumption–has obvious importance for the measurement and comparison of living standards and for the formulation and analysis of policy. This concept is recommended as an additional aggregate in the revised SNA. It is displayed in the UNInternational Comparison Project(ICP). It is used as a major aggregate (“total consumption of the population”), although hitherto generally excluding nonmaterial services, in the Material Product System. Yet it is rarely shown explicitly in Western national accounts. One reason is the slow progress in the analysis by purpose of government expenditure.This paper shows how far figures of total household consumption, and of its division between collective and private consumption, can in fact be derived, for the advanced countries, from the data provided to the UNYearbook of National Accounts, supplemented b y the ICP. The results show first the wide national variations in the relation between the two forms of consumption but, secondly, the gaps in information on this crucially important topic. The relation between direct government expenditure for collective consumption and transfer payments to households (“social income”) is also examined. High and low levels of these two forms of State support to consumption reinforce each other almost as often as they offset each other. But, again, the data provided by national accounting statistics are very incomplete.This paper was prepared for the 16th General Conference of the IARIW,

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00172.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper deals with the influence of differing methods of deflation on the international terms of trade of the Federal Republic of Germany. The question to be discussed is what indices seem best suited for the deflation of exports and imports in national accounts. It will be shown that the use of alternative price indices for deflating exports and imports leads to considerable differences of the results at constant prices and so in terms of trade. In addition, terms of trade are presented by groups of countries.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00173.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two ways of estimating the value of housework are currently used. One is the opportunity cost approach, which sets the value of work done at home equal to the income the person could earn in the labor market. The other is the market cost approach, which uses the cost of hiring someone to do the housework to determine its value. In this study we use data on earnings of female clerical workers with various patterns of labor force participation to obtain estimates of the opportunity cost of hometime for such women. We find that potential market earnings do not provide an acceptable estimate of the value of housework, and suggest that using the wages of general household workers is a better approach.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00174.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In studies of income distribution household income is the common measure of household welfare, although householdper capitaincome is better since it automatically “corrects” for household size. Perhaps the continued use of the former is a consequence of the belief that in practice the two give very similar results. This paper shows that in many cases those results differ substantially. Policy prescription based on household income rather than household per capita income can be very defective. The paper compares results according to the two income concepts for Malaysian data. U.S. data are then used in a comparison over time.The disparity between the two Malaysian distributions is illustrated by their cross tabulation. A quarter of the households in the lowest forty percent of the household income distribution is in the upper three quintiles of householdper capitaincome; and 10 percent of the same lowest forty are in the highest two quintiles of the second distribution. The paper also shows that the distribution of benefits from public education‐measured as the public costs of school years—is very inegalitarian if household income is used. The reverse occurs if householdper capitaincome is used. Similar reversals occur in comparisons involving partitions by occupation and sex of head of household. Women‐headed households, for example, have sub‐mean household incomes but their household income per capita equals the mean. The paper also examines the differences in the age‐income profiles of the two distributions. It then considers whether the much discussed secular stagnation in U.S. measures of inequality is changed if household incomeper capitais used rather than the usual household income measure. Use of theper capitaconcept results in a slight decrease in U.S. inequality between 1947 and 1972. Appendix 2 explores how long term growth in per capita incomes and the associated changes in the size composition of households may affect measurements

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00175.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an earlier paper, we presented estimates of capital gains for a number of categories of assets owned by Belgian households. The purpose of the present paper is to see how the distribution of disposable income between socio‐economic groups is modified when one adopts a “broadened” definition of income which includes capital gains corrected for losses of purchasing power.The main result of the study is that at current prices, the adoption of a broadened definition of income strongly increases disparities between socio‐economic groups. However, when one takes into account losses in purchasing power, conclusions differ according to the period analyzed. For the years 1953–68, it appears that the distribution of broadened disposable income is more unequal than the distribution of disposable income. For the years 1969–77 when inflation was high, the adoption of a broadened definition of income has reduced disparities, with the important exception of old age

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00176.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00177.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00178.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00179.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00180.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1980.tb00181.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY