摘要:

This paper constructs estimates of income and consumption inequality for the world (124 countries), using various measures of inequality. It then goes on to examine the possible effects of various sources of error in the estimates, and attempts to set rough limits to the size of such effects. Among the sources of error examined are purchasing power parities used for currency conversion, systematic errors in estimates ofper capitaincomes, differences in age structure, government tax and expenditure policy, and lifetime income effects. The paper concludes that, although the level of uncertainty in the estimates is too great to permit conclusions about, for instance, trends over time, it is clear that the level of world inequality is extreme, and that it is primarily due to differences in average incomes across countries rather than to intra‐country inequalit

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article on the distribution of wealth among individuals in the United Kingdom presents recent work on the effects of including pension rights and the significance of sex, age and marital status. It describes the rationale for including the accrued rights in occupational and State pension schemes (funded or unfunded) and the methods of estimation used. For funded schemes the rights are valued as the accrued liability of the schemes to their members, and for unfunded schemes similar liabilities are hypothecated; these estimates of the value of accrued pension rights involve assumptions about future earnings and interest rates. The trend in average marketable wealth with age is upwards until advanced years when it slows down or slightly reverses. Adding occupational pension rights only slightly raises the trend for females but has a bigger effect for males. Adding State pension rights raises these upward trends until the age of 60 after which there is a decline. For marketable wealth on the average males are wealthier than females but less wealthy if single, divorced or widowed. Adding occupational pension rights improves the relative position of males; adding State pension rights cancels this out. The effect of marital status rises with both age and sex and therefore a detailed three‐way analysis is made. For females widows are on average the wealthiest; for young males the married; for older males the single. Using Theil's coefficient of entropy for comparing the inequality of wealth, the addition of pension rights reduces inequality by two‐thirds. Age accounts for only 6 percent of inequality for marketable wealth but for 31 percent if pension rights are inclu

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The major question addressed is the treatment of capital embodied technical progress. Should Obsolescence be deducted to calculate a net stock, or should quality adjustments be made in each vintage of new capital, or both, or neither? In order to estimate the contribution of new investment to growth it is necessary to use a capital stock where different vintages are weighted in proportion to their marginal products. The commonly used gross capital measures do not do this, because they do not allow for the higher marginal product of more modern capital. Such an allowance for capital embodied technical progress can be made either by quality adjusting new capital or by incorporating obsolescence into the valuation of the old capital (but not both). However, even if new capital incorporates an allowance for improved quality, it will still be necessary to revalue the old capital. Frequently, a reasonable approximation to the net capital stock results from a linear decline in quasi‐rents and can be approximated by published estimates of the stock of capital net of straight line depreciation. Steady technical progress will not lead to the commonly used exponential service decline functions. To avoid overestimating the return to investment when technology changes it will be necessary to use information on capital embodied technical change to revalue old capital, rather than to change the price indices for new capita

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

“As compared with Hicksian, Harrodian measures of the concept of total factor productivity which rigorously take into account the reproducibility of commodity capital inputs and the technological interdependence of modern production economies are advocated. A number of recent measures of total factor productivity are shown to be variants of the Harrodian approach, and certain problems of aggregation associated with the Hicksian measures are shown to be resolved by the Harrodian measures. An examination of the concepts of technical progress and vertically integrated sectors advanced by Professor Luigi L. Pasinetti and their relation to the Harrodian measures of total factor productivity is made

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The following note is a very concise summary of a paper2that was presented at the 17th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth at Montvillargenne, August, 1981. As such it may be considered a new paper, although it contains practically all the conceptual issues of the original paper. As in the original paper its intention is only to place these issues before a wider audience, while specific solutions will have to wait for a more detailed treatment. All issues concern certain conceptual dilemmas, arising in particular in the use of national accounts when available concepts do not coincide with those for which data are sought. A decision to change the existing basic concepts would however require not only the support of the scholars in this field but also the co‐operation of the users of national accounts. Due to extreme summarizing, certain statements are now fairly compact—compared with the original paper. It is nevertheless hoped that the basic problems still shine through. The following note gives instances in which the traditional national accounts, as established according to existing rules and statistics, may not suffice for actual data requirements, yielding differences in growth rates of several percentage poi

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00651.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1983.tb00652.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY