摘要:

This paper reports the detailed results of a comparison of the distribution and redistribution of income in seven countries using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database. Use of LIS facilitates comparisons of inequality in respect to similarly‐defined variables, permits methodological alternatives to be used, and allows the countries to be compared on aspects of income ranking and policy equity in ways not otherwise possible.The results indicate a pattern of inequality in which Sweden is the most equal, followed by Norway, the U.K. and Canada, while among the less equal countries Israel is generally more equal than Germany‐or the USA., whose relative inequality depends on the measure chosen. Use of the LIS database also allows a more detailed explanation of these results, noting, for example, the role of cash benefits in increasing equality in Sweden and the U.K., and in aiding the bottom quintile in Germany; and the important part played by self‐employment income in contributing to the high top quintile shares in Germany and Israel, and in rendering the Norwegian distribution less equal than that of its Scandinavian neighbour.The wealth of the database, however, means that methodological issues need to be treated both more explicitly and more carefully than is possible with more restrictive data. To interpret the data also requires a considerable degree of knowledge about the institutional features of tax and social provisions in each country, so that an income microdatabase could usefully be completed by one focused on the details of such provi

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper we discuss the empirical measurement of capital stocks derived from data on gross investment. Two capital concepts are involved: gross capital‐representing the capital's capacity dimension‐and net capital–representing its wealth dimension. A brief summary of their components is presented.The data base consists of long series of Norwegian national accounts data for gross investment at a disaggregated level of sector classification and for 1–3 capital categories within each sector. Survival functions, representing the process of retirement and decline in efficiency of capital units over time, with different curvature (concave, convex) and non‐zero interest rates for the discounting of future capital service flows are considered. The effects of these parameters on the calculated gross and net capital stocks in the years 1956–82 as well as on the implied replacement and depreciation rates and rates of return ar

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper summarises the results of a new comparison of the level of Australian and U.K. real product in the 1890s, obtained by the direct deflation of money values of GDP by relative prices. The object of the study was to provide a check on the existing comparisons, obtained by extrapolation of time series of real GDP, as shown, for example, in Maddison (1982). Existing estimates imply that in the 1890s Australian GDP per capita was about 50 percent higher in the U.K. and U.S.A. and more than twice that for the average of 12 other western countries. The present study suggests these results probably overstate Australia's real GDP, and that Australian real GDP per capita was 36 percent higher than the U.K. in 1891 and 3 percent higher in 1900. Personal consumption per capita was 15 percent higher in Australia than in the U.K. in 1891, but about the same level in 1900.Although this study compares prices and GDP in the colony of New South Wales with those in the U.K., the colony may be taken as representative of Australia as a whole.1

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The issue of the proper way to address and document crisis and disaster in the national accounts is brought into focus by analyzing a practical case: the damage caused by the Second World War as discussed at a 1945 Paris reparations conference. It is concluded that “what if” damage e.g. output not produced due to the war should not be included in the national accounts, but factual damage should. The method by which factual damage should be included must then be decided. The option of just showing the damage in the reconciliation accounts is rejected. Instead the introduction of an additional income concept into the accounts, constant wealth national income is proposed. This Hicksian concept deducts from standard national income the damage to all produced goods lasting longer than a year. The concept is illustrated with guesstimates for the Netherlands, 1940–45. Finally, by way of an illustration, the paper employs 1945 estimates of damage in the Netherlands in order to arrive at a constant wealth national income for 1940–45. It is shown that, in 1938 prices, constant wealth national income is very much lower than standard national income and thus far better reflects the decline in prosperity during thes

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The evaluation of livestock production in the United Nations System of National Accounts implies a measure which is inconsistent with the general principle evaluation of production in this system.This paper deals with a critical appraisal of the methods used by the SNA and two sahelian countries in livestock accounting.Finally, estimations of NIGER'S GDP over the period 1983 to 1985 are carried out, using the four livestock production assessments presented. Differences in GDP's evaluations are large, reaching 17 percent in 1984 and 7 percent in 1985 in terms of rate of growth.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY