摘要:

We estimate that in 1985 about one in five persons in the developing world lived in poverty, judged by the standards of the poorest countries. This rises to one in three at a common, more generous, poverty line. The aggregate consumption short‐fall of the poorest fifth is about one half of one percent of world consumption, while that of the poorest third is a further one percent. The shape of the distribution of consumption suggests that aggregate poverty would fall fairly rapidly if moderate growth in average consumption levels can be sustained, and the poor share at least proportionally in that growth. However, it would take only small adverse shifts in the world distribution of consumption to eliminate the gains to the poor from growt

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A common approach to the evaluation of the standard of living is based on a function of real income. In the United States this often takes the form of CPI‐deflated mean household income. Material well‐being is more appropriately evaluated using a consumption‐based index. Using data from theConsumer Expenditure Surveyswe find that real mean income provides an inaccurate representation of the level and trend of the standard of living relative to real per equivalent total expenditure in the postwar United States. The differences between real income and real total expenditure per household equivalent member are found at all levels of aggreg

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper we present a new approach to valuing in‐kind benefits and a new index for that valuation. This approach is both individual (or family) specific and assigns a value to benefits for all those eligible for them, whether or not the benefits are actually used. The value is based on observed characteristics of the individual (and family) and location‐specific factors likely to influence the value. The index is created for individuals and can be aggregated to obtain a family‐specific value. An example of health insurance is used to demonstrate the approach. It is found that the value that single women with children place on health insurance depends on their own health status, the health status of their children, and their poverty status, among other fa

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper the authors present evidence on household saving in the U.S. based on the panel data from the 1983 and 1986 waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances. Saving is measured in these surveys as the change in wealth over the three‐year period. Using a variety of models, we are able to explain only about 7 percent of the variation in the level of saving. Demographic factors appear to be modestly useful in explaining saving. However, one fact is very clear from the patterns of correlation extracted so far: either the measurement error in the data is quite large, or idiosyncratic factors are very important in explaining saving behavior, or bot

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an inventory model with exogenous sales, FIFO and LIFO criteria are formalized and compared with national account estimates for intermediate and finished good products. The model is simulated by utilizing manufacturing input and output prices for Italy (1970–88). LIFO and national account estimates of inventory are usually close and also imply reliable measures of output level and changes which can be shown by solving the quantity model. Conversely, FIFO exhibits larger profits and leads in real terms to unsatisfactory estimates of output change

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There are several functional forms for estimating Lorenz curves from grouped data. Based on studies of the Spanish distribution of income, we propose a new functional form which provides very good fits. Our specification contains the Pareto Lorenz curve as a particular case, and allows one to compute easily, with the provided formulae, the Gini, Kakwani, and Chakravarty Inequality Indexes.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a recent article in this Review and previous work, Wolff calculates household wealth embodied in (current and/or future) pension and social security benefits. The valuation in intended to be based on expected discounted income flows. However, the formulae Wolff uses are not the correct ones.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00387.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY