摘要:

This paper uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate durations of poverty spells and to determine whether temporarily poor families have sufficient assets to cover the shortfall of their incomes below poverty—their personal poverty gaps. If poverty is measured using monthly rather than annual income data, four times as many persons enter poverty, but most spells are short: the median duration is between four and six months. More than one‐third of all poverty spells are eliminated if financial assets are used to fill poverty gaps, but remaining poverty spells are longer. Separate estimates are made for the elderly and for families with child

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While the U.S. and Sweden both lost more than 20 percent of their shares of world and developed countries’ exports of manufactures between the mid‐1960s and mid‐1980s, the export shares of their multinational firms stayed fairly stable or even increased. The multinationals raised the proportion of their worldwide exports that they supplied from their overseas affiliates. These developments suggest that the declines in the trade shares of the US. and Sweden were not due mainly to deterioration in the innovativeness or inventiveness of American and Swedish firms, their management ability or their technological capabilities, but rather to economic developments in the firms’ home countries.The finding that firms have done better as exporters than their home countries is strengthened when we look at different industry groups. In both the U.S. and Sweden, and in all industry groups, with one exception, the multinationals’ export shares increased relative to those of their home countries. The margins were often wide, and were mostly larger for Swedish firms than for U.S. firms.Part of the explanation for the growth of each country's exports and those of its multinationals is the initial composition of exports, or the comparative advantages of the countries and their firms. These were skewed, in the mid‐1960s, to industries that were to enjoy rapid growth in the next decade or so. Despite these initial comparative advantages, the exports of both countries fell far behind world export growth.The comparative advantages of both countries’ multinationals were even more biased toward fast‐growth industries than those of the countries. That fact partly accounted for the better export performance of the multinationals relative to their home countries, but the multinationals outperformed their countries within each industry as well as for manufactu

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The “norm income” approach to inequality measurement is based on a comparison of the observed income distribution with a reference distribution consistent with the socially desired minimum degree of inequality (and not the equal shares distribution). Garvy and Paglin suggested such an approach, and we show that their methods, suitably modified, are closely related to the multivariate methods recently proposed by Atkinson and Bourguignon. The advantage and disadvantages of a norm income approach are analyzed in det

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper utilizes a joint distribution model of labor and nonlabor income that allows us to analyze the impact of demographic change in the U.S. on the marginal distributions of these two income components over time. The beta distribution of the second kind is the hypothetical statistical distribution used in this study to approximate the observed income graduation. This distribution is sum stable which allows us to compare and contrast the marginal distributions in a consistent manner, a property most hypothesized functional forms of income distribution do not possess. We are in effect using a hyperparameter model to do our estimation. We examined the impact of changes over time in labor force participation and population on the marginal distributions of labor and nonlabor income. We disaggregated the variables by sex and age cohorts and found that changes in the age distribution and in the labor supply behavior of women in particular has had a significant effect on the marginal income distributions over time. We also found that the results vary when we examined overall changes in the labor force participation rate vis a vis changes in women's labor force participation separately. The findings are consistent for both income components.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the measurement of the output of the Housing industry in real GNP accounts of the U.S., the Soviet Union, and selected OECD countries. These real GNP accounts make use of quite different Housing indexes, based on different types of data. This paper's major empirical finding is that the (measured) growth rate of Housing output can be extremely sensitive to the type of index used.After reviewing the concept of housing quality, the paper presents U.S. and Soviet case studies. The BEA and the CIA do not use identical procedures to measure Housing output for the U.S. and the Soviet Union: the BEA measures many more aspects of housing quality improvements than the CIA does. This difference in the two agencies’ procedures increases the growth rate of the US. Real Estate industry relative to the growth rate of the Soviet Housing industry. The idea behind the two case studies is to remeasure Housing output far the Soviet Union (U.S.) using an index that approximates the BEA (CIA) index. The purpose of these studies is the calculation of numerical magnitudes: to whatdegreesare the levels and growth rates of Housing sensitive to the type of index that is used. The calculations for the U.S. are useful because they show the important role of housing quality growth in the U.S., and because they make the magnitudes reported for the Soviet Union more credible. The Soviet case study provides numerical support for the proposition that the post‐WWII growth rate of Soviet housing quality has been considerable and exceeds the growth rate implicit in the CIA output figu

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper the authors present Socio‐economic Accounts for the Netherlands for the year 1981. Detailed information on income components, consumption components and savings for 52 household types are provided. The household types are a cross‐classification of household size, income source and income level. For each income and consumption component, the sum of the amounts over the houshold types and three intermediary funds equals the macro amount in the National Accounts. The accounts are constructed by intregating macrodata from the National Accounts and microdata from the Income Statistics and the Budget Sur

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY