摘要:

This paper surveys the various estimates that have been made of the value of household services, summarizing the methods used and comparing the statistical results. It concludes that there is wide variability in the results obtained, much of which can be attributed to the differing methods. The highest values are obtained with methods based upon the opportunity cost of women in paid employment, lower with methods based upon the cost of a single housekeeper, and lowest with methods based upon pricing individual services performed. On the basis of time use studies, three factors are found to affect very strongly the value of services performed: family size, wife's market‐work status, and age of youngest child. The value of total household services should include not only the wife's contribution, but also that of the husband and children, which may amount to as much as a third of the total. The increasing burden of more children, however, appears to fall mainly on the wife, with some relief from older children; the amount of time spent by husbands appears relatively invariant to number of children or work status of the wif

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1976.tb01146.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This document attempts to give an overall review of the present situation of national accounts in Latin America, and deals essentially with the statistical basis and procedures used in their preparation.The purpose of these comments is to place the main problems common to all countries in order of priority and, in view of the need to advance and in the face of the task of establishing the present SNA, to discuss briefly the main lines which future work might follow.The stage of development so far reached by national accounts in Latin America is unsatisfactory if compared with the former system recommended by the United Nations two decades ago, and their recent evolution indicates that the rate of progress has fallen behind the advances made in the theoretical field in this connexion, and in relation to the increasing requirements of macroeconomic information for economic planning and policy. This whole picture becomes more meaningful if the objectives, structure and content of the present SNA, that has already been in force for five years, are compared with the present state of national accounts estimates in the region, which reveals the long road that lies ahead and the magnitude of the effort required if the present situation is to show a change for the better. Clearly, little progress can be made unless the basic statistics are expanded in scope and improved. This is the crux of the problem, towards which the greatest efforts and resources should primarily be channeled.It is necessary to adopt a critical approach and concerted action with respect to four aspects which characterize the national statistical systems in Latin America:(a)organizational problems and the shortage of human and financial resources;(b)the lack of co‐ordinated programmes of basic statistics;(c)the limited use of efficient methods of collecting data; and(d)the insufficient recourse to administrative record

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1976.tb01147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines differences in earnings by occupations, and within occupations by sex and by race, on the basis of the 1/100 Public Use Samples of the 1960 and 1970 U.S. Population Censuses. It employs interval analysis to establish 32 categories of occupations with similar characteristics. Little relation was found between mean earnings of occupational groups and the degree of earnings inequality within them. When the figures are examined by sex, it was found that men, on average, earned over twice as much as women in both years, but women's earnings were more unequally distributed (as measured by the Gini coefficient). Women are concentrated in the traditional “female” occupations, which tend to be those at the bottom of the earnings scale, and men have a monopoly of the higher paid occupations. But mean earnings for men exceeded those for women in all occupational groups except one, even in the primarily female occupations. Standardizing first for occupational distribution and then for earnings by occupation, it was found that earnings differences between males and females within occupation had a greater impact on the overall male‐female earnings ratio than did differences in occupational distribution by sex. In contrast, when the figures are examined by race, the change in occupational distribution (primarily the movement of blacks out of farming and of blacks and Spanish speakers out of personal services) was the major factor. There was also a considerable degree of earnings inequality within demographic groups. The degree of inequality was in the main reduced when the demographic groups were subdivided into occupations, but it was still substantial. Additional factors like time worked, schooling, and experience must be taken into consideration in understanding this pheno

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1976.tb01148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper utilizes input‐output techniques to disaggregate and analyze structural change in the American economy between 1947 and 1966, focussing on the subperiods 1947‐58, 1958‐63, and 1963‐66‐periods determined by the availability of input‐output tables for the terminal years. There was wide variability in the changes in output requirements among industries, but in all periods changes in final demand and in input‐output coefficients tended to reinforce each other. Increases in final demand for an industry's output tended to be accompanied by increases in demand for its product as intermediate input, and vice versa. Plastics, utilities, drugs, and computing machines showed increases for both final consumption and intermediate consumption, whereas such industries as coal, wooden containers, and leather products were of declining importance for both consumption a

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1976.tb01149.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the appropriate treatment of international transfers in the national accounts. It argues that the appropriate treatment differs, depending upon the use to be made of the accounts. The treatment recommended in the SNA is appropriate for expenditure behavior analysis, with its emphasis on total disposable income on the one hand, and its allocation between consumption and saving on the other. For economic performance analysis, however, the primary focus of interest is the excess, if any, of aggregate resource use over the GNP, i.e., the extent to which the combined level of consumption and investment is sustained out of own production or is dependent on unrequited capital inflow. It is essential for this purpose that the measure of capital inflow include all international transfers regardless of their economic destination.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1976.tb01150.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1976.tb01151.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1976.tb01152.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY