摘要:

For purposes of analyzing the nature and meaning of index number formulas to be used in the calculation of factor productivity, a distinction is made between interetemporal comparison of factor productivity for a single country and contemporaneous comparison of factor productivity in two different countries. In the former case, the country in question is supposed ideally to be realizing fully its production possibilities, and the concern is seen as appraisal of shifts in such possibilities over time due to the advance of technological knowledge. Following Moorsteen such an advance is taken to be represented by the change in capacity to produce a standard mix of outputs per unit of a standard mix of inputs. Any mix might be standard, but those actually realized at the times in question are of particular interest.The index number formulas to be applied then depend on the assumed shape of the functions representing production possibilities. The conventional practice of aggregating output arithmetically and inputs geometrically, for example, is in order where production possibilities are given by an elaborated Cobb‐Douglas function, but achieves only more or less approximate results otherwise. The analysis necessarily bears also on the prices at which inputs and outputs are to be valued.For the case of contemporaneous comparison of different countries, technological knowledge is taken ideally to be the same in the countries considered. Hence the concern is to gauge differences in production efficiency, i.e., realization of production possibilities. With production capacity understood to reflect any shortfall from possibilities, and hence production inefficiency in that sense, the analysis proceeds much as before, but given the fact of inefficiency determination of suitable prices for valuation of inputs and outputs becomes relatively difficult. Alternative expedients, none entirely satisfactory, are explore

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper details the methodology used and the results obtained in a recently completed study of the total U.S. tax burden based on microdata survey files. The method of constructing the data base—the 1966 MERGE file—is discussed, and the needed imputations and adjustments to income and taxes to bring the file totals up to national income aggregates are described. An explanation is included of adjusted family income, a unique income concept used in the study to measure and compare tax burdens.The study involved the evaluation of errective tax burdens under eight different assumptions regarding the incidence of the various major taxes. Those assumptions are detailed and the results of the study are presented. The essential conclusion of the study is that the overall impact of the tax system is virtually proportional for 90 percent of the families in the United States regardless of the incidence assumptions used. However, substantial differences in tax burdens were found among various subgroups of the populat

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This note explores further the utility of national income estimates derived from monetary data, an issue recently revived in this journal by Professor Leff. Income estimates for New Zealand are extended back from 1918 to 1870 and it is argued that while such figures are not a substitute for more laboriously compiled product or factor reward estimates, they are a useful stop‐gap in what is otherwise an historical vacuu

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

If a welfare economist wants to express income inequality in a sensible way by a single parameter, he has to make rather strong assumptions regarding the social preferences of his fellow citizens. Formulas are presented with whose aid one is able to test whether or not these assumptions hold. The standard measures used nowadays contradict prevailing preferences. If no common single measure can be found which fits the social preferences of almost all individuals concerned tolerably well, additional parameters measuring poverty and riches separately are necessary.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The reliability of national accounts is determined by the adequacy of a great variety of data sources and estimating methods. This inquiry focuses on major conceptual and methodological problems, and while it does not solve the reliability problem, it provides a framework for reliability analysis and suggests criteria for the evaluation of results; it also assists the producers of national accounts in determining the major trade‐offs between different areas of possible data improvemen

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY