摘要:

The hypothesis that the demand for services is income‐elastic tended to find support in early empirical work. Recent studies however, adopting improved methodologies and better international data (based on PPP exchange rates), have challenged this conventional wisdom. Using an updated, disaggregated dataset covering 60 countries in 1980 this paper re‐estimates income and price elasticities of demand for services. It rejects the income‐elastic argument overall but confirms a wide range of income elasticity estimates (above and below unity) across different types of services. Estimates are also shown to be sensitive to thea priorimodel of service d

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00182.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The paper compares the living standards of the elderly vis‐a‐vis the rest of the population in EU countries in the late 1980s using the data of Household Budget Surveys. Elderly and non‐elderly are compared in terms of consumption expenditure, income and non‐monetary indicators of welfare. The results show that in all EU countries the non‐elderly are better‐off than the elderly. In some countries the differences in the living standards of the two groups are marginal, whereas in others they are substantial. These differences tend to be larger in the Southern European EU countries (with the exception of Spain) and smaller in the Northern European EU countries (with the exception o

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00183.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Few economic relationships have been as scrutinized as that between SNA measures of national product, investment and consumption, and welfare. The present paper contrasts SNA economic production and welfare to total production and welfare within the Walrasian framework of usefulness and costliness. An evaluation of deductions and additions to the SNA made by Nordhaus‐Tobin, Zolotas, Richard and Nancy Ruggles, Kendrick, Eisner and Jorgenson‐Fraumeni, in their research on extended product and income accounts and improved indicators of welfare reveals numerous unresolved analytical and measurement issues; and reaffirms the usefulness of the SNA as a fundamental, initial, welfare indica

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00184.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Relative poverty in urban Russia at the end of the Soviet era (using microdata for the town of Taganrog) is compared to relative poverty in Sweden. The results indicate that the extent of relative poverty was rather similar in the two societies, but also that differences in the structure of poverty existed. In urban Russia characteristics of the household head leading to a high risk of poverty were advanced age, a limited education and being female. Swedish poverty was concentrated to households with a young head.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00185.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Most empirical studies of poverty assume an equal sharing of resources between all household members. There is a growing body of research indicating that this assumption is not realistic. This paper explores how the unequal sharing of resources could potentially affect the measurement of poverty. Simulations based on micro‐data from two countries (Italy and the U.S.A.) are carried out under the assumption that women “lose” and men and children “gain” because of unequal sharing in the household. Our findings suggest that if there is significant intra‐household inequality of this type, as some writers have suggested, then conventional methods of poverty measurement will likely to lead to aseriousunder‐estimate (over‐estimate) of the incidence and intensity of female

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00186.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the National Accounts framework a frequent use is made of value, price, and quantity indices. Three requirements appear to be of vital importance. (i) For each aggregate the price index multiplied by the quantity index must be equal to the value index. (ii) The indices must be consistent‐in‐aggregation (which means something more than that a single‐step calculation yields the same outcome as a two‐or‐more‐step calculation). (iii) The indices must satisfy the equality test (defined in this paper). In this paper it is shown that the only indices satisfying these three requirements are the generalized Stuvel (1957) indices. These indices satisfy the Eichhorn and Voeller (1983) axioms for price and quantity indices. However, if one also requires that the indices be linearly homogeneous in current period prices and quantities then the only admissible indices are those of Laspeyres

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00187.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00188.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1996.tb00189.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY