摘要:

By definition, the hidden economy eludes straight observation by means of official statistics. Nevertheless, attempts to quantify these phenomena usually make reference to official materials in various respects, e.g. as regards definition, or when evaluating the relative importance or some indirect reflections of such activities. In this context, official statistics may serve as a particularly useful reference when those sections of the economy are concerned which are hardly or not at all susceptible to hidden activities. Such sections can be identified in terms of industry and in terms of occupation.In the present investigation such techniques have been used to a large extent and only official statistics have been drawn upon as a data source. Accordingly, the outcome matches closely with national accounts concepts and existing national classifications of various socio‐economic statistics. The estimates refer to the hidden (“off the records”) activities of the self‐employed as well as to similar activities of employees, the unemployed etc. (“moonlighting”). Per se criminal activities have not been included, however. As regards the self‐employed the estimates basically rely on income differentials observed between small scale entrepreneurs and their employees. As regards employees numbers employed of various preselected occupational categories and of some additional groups of non‐employed have been processed successively, matching them e.g. with comparable data on time budgets and regional frequency.The outcome largely confirms common experience or expectations as regards the fields where hidden activities assume significant relative importance whereas the overall size of the hidden economy turned out fairly small as compared wi

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper considers the problems involved in measuring trends over time in inequality in less developed countries. After considering some of the conceptual problems involved in choosing a measure of economic welfare, the period it should cover, and the statistical units to which it should be applied, the paper goes on to draw up a list of minimum data requirements for reaching reliable conclusions about such trends. It concludes that in many countries the available information falls well short of the minimum list, and it explores various sources of indirect evidence on trends in distribution. The central argument is that the available data permit no easy tests for trends in the level of economic inequality in less developed countries. At present, the best bet is to complement evidence on income distribution with available data on consumption distribution and on wage trends and production aggregates by occupational and sectoral groups. Inconsistencies will highlight problem areas, and their reconciliation should provide a firmer foundation on which to draw conclusions about distributional trends.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00517.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper provides estimates of the effects of inflation in Canada on the reported rate of return in manufacturing from 1966 to 1982. It provides estimates for several different concepts of rate of return (both for all assets, whether financed by equity or debt, and for the narrower equity to the owners) and for both a narrow and wide range of financial assets. Comparisons are made with similar studies for the United Kingdom. Such studies show that reported profits are overstated and total assets are undervalued during and after periods of inflation with traditional accounting concepts relative to an economic concept designed to maintain the firm as an ongoing entity.The paper also discusses a number of factors that have contributed to the marked drop in the rate of return in Canadian manufacturing when both income and assets are valued at replacement costs. Some of these factors are also present in the other industrialized countries, such as increased raw materials prices, and a slower increase in productivity. Other factors have been relatively more important in Canada than in other countries, such as the historically higher level of production costs in Canada than in the United States and Japan, the two most important countries in Canadian trade. This is important during a period of tariff reductions when international competition in manufactured products is widespread.Although corporate profits and the adjusted profits rates of return were depressed by the severity of the 1981‐82 recession, some of the key factors depressing the rates of return are longer‐term in nature. A continued persistence of these factors during the balance of the 1980s could contribute to restraint in business investment in manufacturing when total returns on a replacement cost basis are so much below the corporate long‐term cost of capital.This paper applies the concepts of inflation accounting to total Canadian manufacturing for the period from 1966 to 1982. Measures of rates of return for individual years are provided, both on the basis of total assets and on the basis of the net assets attributable to the owners. There are four sections in the paper after an introduction. Section 2 is a brief conceptual statement and outlines the methods. Section 3 makes comparisons with similar studies for the United Kingdom and summarizes the results of this and other studies. Section 4 discusses the environmental factors for Canadian manufacturing that appear to contribute to the lower rates of return in recent years. Section 5 discusses the implications of the results for future business deci

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In most developing countries profits account for a large proportion of national income, but their origin and use are widely divergent, related to the nature of ownership of the enterprise. Here an institutional classification of productive activities is developed and illustrated by the way profits go in Indonesia. By branch of industry they accrue to four categories of owners (foreign, public, private national incorporated, unincorporated). Next imputed labour income of the self‐employed is separated in order to arrive at the functional distribution of income by sector, and lastly the destination (depreciation, interest, taxes, dividends, retained earnings) of each type of corporate capital income is shown. The estimates indicate a segmentation of activities, with regard to ownership as well as factor share

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article deals with problems of construction of “square” input‐output tables from detailed commodity and industry data and operationalization of the tables for use in econometric modeling. The adaptation procedure suggested is quite new and involves perfect and imperfect aggregation, and suppression of insignificant cells of the tables.Using slight modifications of well‐known input‐output methods (to make definitions conform to general concepts of network flow theory) it is shown that the construction and aggregation of tables, as well as the suppression of minor cells, can be viewed as still higher levels of the very same process: the search for a manageable model with roughly the same abstract properties as the original detailed, but overwhelmingly large, model.Simultaneously a consistent input‐output terminology is suggested with fewer symbols and more rules than usual.The adaptation procedure has been applied successfully to the 1982 version of ADAM, the macroeconometric model operated by Danmarks Statistik (the Danish Central Bureau of

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00520.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00521.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00522.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1985.tb00525.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY