摘要:

This paper examines the productivity growth and its sources in 39 Chinese industries in the post‐reform period 1980–85. We use both the gross‐output and value‐added models to isolate the contributions of labor, capital, materials and technical efficiency to growth in industrial output. Using new data from theNational Industrial Census of China(1988) for large and medium‐size enterprises, we find that Chinese industries, in particular, those in the manufacturing experienced sharp increases in total factor productivity growth in the 1984–85 period as compared to the 1980–84 period. Moreover, collective and private enterprises show higher output and total factor productivity gains than do state enterprises. Our regression results show that total factor productivity gains are closely tied to increases in retained profits and the proportion of total employees that are technical workers. However, labor bonuses have a negative effect on total factor produc

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00424.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For the first time, a systematic discussion is presented of the choice between gross and net national accounting figures of value added, product and income for alternative purposes. Some traditional arguments for preferring gross to net figures are challenged and several historical reasons are given for the present popularity of gross figures. The quantitative importance of the issue (“what does it matter in practice?”) is also asses

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00425.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The value of household production is estimated to 40–50 percent of GNP in most western countries, and because the distribution of this income‐in‐kind is different from ordinary income distribution, the concept of economic well‐being may include household production. The monetary value of household production is evaluated by a market alternative principle and an opportunity‐cost principle. In the last case a reservation wage is estimated, and integrated in a modified opportunity principle, which means that household work of non‐working women is evaluated by the reservation wage, and household work of working women and men by their wage‐rate. The conclusions are among others, that the inclusion of household production reduces the inequality, and that the women's contributions—money income and household production—functions as

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00426.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents empirical evidence regarding key assumptions of the Rothbarth and Barten methods of constructing household equivalence scales. The assumption of separability in the Rothbarth model is investigated by examining the implied intra‐household allocation of specific goods and by examining studies of economies of scale in household consumption. The assumption of the exogeneity of the distribution parameters in the Barten model is related to the results of empirical studies of clothing expenditures. This paper suggests that empirical evidence fails to support the assumptions maintained in these theoretically sophisticated models of household income equivalenc

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00427.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The disaggregated nature of a Social Accounting Matrix makes it a suitable tool for studying the income generation process and its distributional effects. Using the linear structure of a SAM, a model for distributional analysis is developed. The proposed approach emphasizes the functional determinants of relative incomes and the underlying structural features of income distribution and redistribution.

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00428.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper considers the issue of poverty in Poland in the decade 1978–88, during which the Polish economy experienced a severe slump (1979–81), and started a modest recovery (1983–88). The estimated poverty rate increased from less than 10 percent of the population in the late 1970s to about 18–20 percent ten years later. The increase was almost entirely due to pauperization of the urban (workers and pensioners) households. As real wages decreased, the percentage of the poor workers’ households increased from 6 to almost 20 percent. The total number of pensioners, a social group with the highest poverty incidence, went up due to demographic trends and government policy of early retirement in response to market reforms undertaken in 1982–83. In addition, poverty incidence among pensioners increased to 25 percent. Overall, out of the total estimated number of 7 million poor, about 3.1 million are the new poor, i.e. people who before the crisis lived above the poverty level, and have since fallen below it. Such a deterioration in living standards, to a large extent limited to urban areas, probably had a significant impact on the ever growing disenchantment with the Communist regime which eventually resulted in it

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00429.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper, shortcomings of the official poverty line are examined. A new set of budget standard poverty lines were derived for various years between 1959 and 1981, by first estimating the food budget for Malaysian households. Then, an allowance for non‐food items was obtained on the basis of the estimated food budget, and the relationship between the proportion of income allocated on food and non‐food items, together yielding the poverty line. The results suggest that the official and other estimates of the poverty line income were generally higher, and thus have overestimated the extent of poverty in Malay

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A review of Yoram Weiss and Gideon Fishelson (eds.),Advances in the Theory and Measurement of Unemployment, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1990, ISBN 0‐312‐02797‐4 and Ralf Hussmanns, Farhad Mehran and Vijay VermaSurveys of Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment: An K O Manual on Concepts and Methods, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1990, ISBN 92‐2

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY