摘要:

On the basis of rough estimates from the expenditure as well as from the income side, it is suggested that the national product per head of the Roman Empire at the death of Augustus (AD 14) was somewhat below 400 sesterces (31 g gold) yielding an aggregate national product of fully HS 20 billion for a population of 55 million and that these figures were approximately valid from the late first century BC to the mid‐second century AD. The share of government expenditures in national product was very low, probably not above five percent, and that of gross capital expenditures even lower, probably not in excess of two percent. An attempt is also made to appraise the concentration of personal income and it is estimated that the 600 senatorial families, representing approximately the top 0.04 per m of the population, received about 0.6 percent of total personal income while the share of the top three percent of income recipients was in the order of 20–25 percent of total personal incomes. The second part of the article compares these estimates as well as a few indicators of the standard of living and of welfare in the early Roman Empire with the corresponding figures for a few countries before the industrial revolution and for mid‐20th century less developed coun

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present investigation is the first attempt to calculate gross capital stocks for 19 industries which together cover the whole Austrian economy. A production‐oriented concept of capital formed the basis of the investigation; the estimation procedure follows that of C. Almonet al.In contrast to the traditional perpetual‐inventory methods, Almon's modified estimation technique combines the advantages of differentiated cumulation containing a logistical retention function with relatively moderate requirements with respect to investment data. A thorough description of this estimation technique is given in the third section of the paper, combined with a number of comparative model calculations. These demonstrate very clearly that capital stock figures calculated according to the Almon method rarely deviate from those found with the help of the traditional inventory method, which requires considerably more information and uses more complicated calculation procedures. Finally, the sectorally disaggregated capital stock estimates calculated according to the Almon method are presented with some interpretative rema

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper compares the growth accounting approaches to aggregate productivity measurement and analysis of three major researchers: E. F. Denison, D. W. Jorgenson, and J. W. Kendrick. The investigetors are compared in terms of their treatment of a number of crucial elements, including measurement of output and of capital and labor inputs (including composition or quality changes), total factor productivity growth, economies of scale, and intensity of demand (for output). Judged by the standard of the neoclassical economic theory of production‐the only generally accepted basis for input aggregation‐Denison departs significantly from the production theory framework in his measurement of output and capital input, Kendrick to some degree in his measure of capital input, and Jorgenson not at all. The effects of these departures are illustrated with reference to the recent productivity slowdown. The probable near‐term future utility of growth accounting methods for productivity analysis is assessed, and some related econometric modeling issues are

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Expanded measures of government product normally include imputations for the services of government capital. This article discusses several approaches to measuring the value of the services of government capital and focuses on the conceptual and empirical difficultes associated with making such imputations. In addition, four sets of alternative estimates for 1948–79 are presente

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Income inequality is examined using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a consistent decomposition analysis. I only use inequality measures that satisfy the Principle of Transfers, have the property that aceteris paribusincrease in inequality within any subgroup increases overall inequality, and are independent of the scale of income and population. Decompositions are carried out by family size and by age of head for several definitions of income and income recipient. Whilst changing the time unit over which income is measured has a substantial impact on inequality, the effect of removing the between‐age‐group component of inequality is relatively sli

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0034-6586    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY