摘要:

We present some outcomes of attempts made to develop the economic uses of New Zealand plant species by their domestication, particularly with reference to a paper by Haase (1990) on the potential plant genetic resources of the New Zealand flora. Particular attention is given to the development of New Zealand plants as ornamentals to illustrate that considerable progress has been made in developing the economic use of many New Zealand plants for garden and landscape use. Haase's (1990) opinion that the small number of cultivated plants derived from the native flora is due to the short period of human occupation of New Zealand is contradicted by the history of the development of introduced plants that has accompanied the conversion of large areas of indigenous vegetation to pastoral, arable, and forestry systems. Biogeographical factors, particularly the absence of an indigenous land mammal fauna and a mild oceanic climate, are suggested as the reasons why the New Zealand flora has not provided significant esculent plants. Reference is made to the introduction of plants to Aotearoa-New Zealand by Maori and what remains of these introductions. Considerable scope remains for the exploration of New Zealand plants focuses other than food. However, market factors will remain as major determinants for any future development of economic products from New Zealand plants.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421767

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A Held experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various rates and timings of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application on yield, grain quality, quantities of various classes of proteins, and milling and baking characteristics of New Zealand wheat cultivars. Six cultivars of autumn-sown wheat—‘Batten’, ‘Kotare’, ‘Oroua’, ‘Rongotea’, ‘Ruapuna’, and ‘Tui’—were grown under five N fertiliser treatments: no N; 50kg N/ha applied at late tillering; 50 kg N/ha applied at both late tillering and booting; 100 kg N/ha applied at late tillering; and 100 kg N/ha applied at late tillering and 50 kg N/ha applied at booting. The site was severely N depleted and ear numbers were low. However, weight per grain was high andrelatively unaffected by N fertiliser. Grain yield, grain protein, and Mechanical Dough Development (MDD) Bake Score increased with increasing fertiliser N, irrespective of time of application,but, between cultivars,yield was inversely related to both grainprotein and bake score. No one cultivar produced a flour with good values of all the quality characteristics, Nitrogen fertiliser improved flour and bread making quality, especially when applied at booting. There were highly significant correlations between high and low molecular weight glutenins, work input, loaf volume, and bake score. Loaf texture was highly significantly correlated with both gliadin and kernel weight.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421768

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In March 1988, Cyclone Bola caused much flooding in kiwifruit orchards near Gisbome, New Zealand. In Paper 1 (Reid et aI. 1991) we described a survey of flood affected orchards, and considered factors influencing early vine decline(i.e., premature autumn defoliation in the first 11 weeks following the flood). Here we report the effects of the flooding upon performance of the same vines in the following season (October 1988-May 1989). Foliage vigour and trunk growth were closely related to foliage stress in the preceding autumn. One third of the vines suffered early decline. Four teen percent of the vines died; most of these bad shown early decline. Those which survived symptoms of early decline showed poor foliage vigour and trunk growth the following season. Foliage vigour was positively related to feeder root health. Vines surviving symptoms of early decline yielded 26% less mass and 24% fewer fruit than those which showed no early decline. Compared to vines showing adequate vigour, vines with poor vigour in spring 1988 yielded 77% less fruit mass and 69% fewer fruit per vine. It is probably uneconomic for growers to attempt to save vines which show early declinefollowing waterlogging events.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421769

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

High density planting of apples on dwarfing rootstocks has become increasingly common overseas, particularly in areas of North-Western Europe, but has not been widely adopted in New Zealand. This paper discusses a study carried out in the Netherlands which considered the economics of apple production in relation to tree densities up to 5000 trees/planted ha. The study involved the analysis of data from commercial plantings of apples throughout the Netherlands since 1980. Yields and input costs for a range of tree densities were estimated by regression analysis on the data. Cash flows were developed for tree densities between 1500 and 5000 trees/planted ha, and net present value and payback period analyses performed. Results showed that longterm profitability of apples increased with increased tree density up to 5000 trees/ha. In addition, payback period decreased with increased tree density. The relevance of this research to New Zealand is discussed with reference to high density plantings of apples (both research and commercial) at Lincoln University, New Zealand.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421770

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Six plum andPrunushybrid rootstocks (‘Damas P 1869’, ‘INRAGF 43’, ‘IshtaraFerciana’, ‘Myran Yumir’, ‘St Julien P 655/2’, ‘St Julien X’) were compared,over a 6-year period, with ‘Golden Queen’ peach seedlings as rootstocks for ‘Golden Queen’ peach. ‘Damas P 1869’, ‘Ishtara Ferciana’, and ‘St Julien X’ showed incompatibility and high rates of tree mortality: 80–90% of trees on these three rootstocks died over the trial period. In contrast, ‘INRA GF43’, ‘Myran Yumir’, ‘St Julien P 655/2’, and ‘Golden Queen’ peach seedlings showed good compatibility with ‘Golden Queen’. Trees on ‘Golden Queen’ seedlings and ‘Myran Yumir’ were larger but had lower yield efficiencies than trees on ‘INRA GF 43’ or ‘St Julien P655/2’. ‘St Julien P655/2’ advanced and condensed harvest maturity and showed potential as a semi-dwarfing rootstock. However, ‘St Julien P 655/2’ and ‘INRA GF 43’ suckered from the roots, causing problems for orchard management. Mean fruit weighton ‘St Julien P 655/2’ was also slightly smaller than fruit from trees on ‘Golden Queen’ seedling, ‘INRA GF 43’, or ‘Myran Yumir’ rootstocks.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421771

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Certain heteropterousinsects (true bugs) in New Zealand deposit salivary enzymes into immature wheat grain while feeding. These enzymes survive in harvested wheat, destroy gluten structure in dough, and cause poor quality bread. This study investigates what insect is responsible for bug-damaged wheat The following field-collected insect species were caged on wheat at the watery ripe growth stage:Nysius huttoni, Rhypodessp.,Stenotus binotatus, Calocoris norvegicus, Sidnia kinbergi, andDictyotus caenosus. All the insects produced visible signs of damage on kernels and reduced kernel weight, but only wheat damaged byN. huttoniandS. binotatushad sufficiently high levels of pH 9 active, gluten-degrading enzyme to cause poor quality bread. However, the electrophoretic patterns of protein subunits from degraded glutenand the characteristics of bug damage in bread were different for these two insects. Also, the appearances of the damaged kernels and levels of α-amylase were clearly different in the two samples. Only wheat damaged byN. huttonishowed all the characteristics of naturally bug-damaged wheat harvested and tested in New Zealand during the last decade.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421772

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Phosmet was applied in mid season to “T-bar” trellised kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) by airblast sprayer at 112.5 g a.i/100 litres and 2250 litres/ha. Residue levels on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves from two canopy zones and two shoot types were assessed by chemical and biological assays. Chemical assays used a brief solvent wash of a fixed area of the separate leaf surfaces. In the bioassays neonateEpiphyas postvittana(Walker) larvae were cagedon each surface. These procedures were repeated 1, 3, 8, 14, and 29 days after spray application in mid summer. Mean initial residues ranged from 2.1 μg/cm2to 9.0 μg/cm2, with levels 2–3 times greater on lower surfaces than upper surfaces. Residue half-lives calculated for lower leaf surfaces ranged from 6 to 20 days. The half-life for upper surface residues was estimated graphically at 3 days. Differences in the initial residue levels between canopy zones and shoot types tended to be offset by subsequent decay rates. Chemical assays and mortality results with progressively aged residues were used to estimate the decay period required for residue efficacy against lightbrown apple moth to decline to 70% 24 h mortality. This ranged from 21 to more than 29 days on lower leaf surfaces.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421773

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Sixty plants in each of 27 fields of hop (Humulus lupulusL.), mostly of the locally bred triploid cultivars ‘Superalpha’, ‘Greenbullet’, and ‘Sticklebract’ were tested for viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 1984. Fifteen of the 24 fields containingPrunusnecrotic ringspot virus (NRSV) had incidences of >81%. Both the intermediate (I) and apple (A) serotypes of NRSV were detected. Seventeen of 24 fields with arabis mosaic virus (ArMV-H) had incidences of <41%. Twelve of 22 fields containing hop mosaic virus (HMV), 13 of 20 fields with bop latent virus (HLV), and 9 of 13 fields containing American hop latent virus (AHLV) had incidences of <21%. Viruses were widespread in a research station which was the source of new material to commercial growers. No symptoms of virus infection were noted on New Zealand cultivars and viruses had no effect on growth of bines early in the season or vegetative growth at harvest of the cultivar ‘Superalpha’. The incidence of NRSV-I, ArMV-H, HMV, and HLV increased in only one of three fields in which evenly-spaced plants were tested for viruses over a 1- or 2-year period. The number of plants infected by NRSV-I and ArMV-H increased by 13 and 17% respectively over 1 year, whereas those with HMV and HLV increased by 21 and 8% respectively.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421774

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The distribution of free amino acids in different tissues of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and changes in their concentration during maturation of the fruit were investigated. Amino acid concentrations in the fruit (and each fruit tissue except the skin) decreased as the fruit matured. Asparagine and glutamine were the main amino acids to decrease, allowing arginine and γ-aminobutyric acid to become the predominant amino acids in fruit harvested at the end of May. There were differences in individual and total amino acid concentrations between the core, inner and outer cortex fruit tissues, and with the fruit stalk. The core contained the highest concentration of amino acids and the outer cortex the least In February, asparagine was the major amino acid in the inner and outer cortex, whereas arginine and γ-aminobutyric acid were predominant in the core. By May, arginine and γ-aminobutyric acid were predominant in all tissues. Arginine and/or γ-aminobutyric acid always formed a longitudinal gradient within the fruit, regardless of tissue type. It was highest at the stem end and lowest at the blossom (distal) end. Concentrations of amino acids in the fruit stalk increased as the fruit matured. Arginine and/or γ-aminobutyric acid and asparagine were the major amino acids to increase, followed by glutamine.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421775

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The chemical composition of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosavar.deliciosa) pollen was examined using hand-collected samples from nine staminate clones—‘Matua’, ‘M51-M58’, and one pistillate cultivar (‘Hayward’). Measurements included: ash, minerals, ether-extractable lipid, total dietary fibre, extractable carbohydrates, protein amino acids, and free amino acids. There were no major compositional differences amongst the staminate clones. The ash, lipid, and fibre content of the sterile pistillate pollen, on the other hand, was greater, and the protein content lower, than that of the male clones. Nitrogen (N) (67.6), potassium (10.6), and phosphorus (10.0 g/kg dry weight (DW)) were the elements present in greatest concentration in staminate pollen, and N (24.3) and calcium (12.0 g/kg DW) in pistillate pollen. Zinc and iron were the principal trace elements in both instances. Fructose accounted for as much as 76% of the extractable carbohydrate, followed by glucose and minor amounts of sucrose. The predominant amino acids in acid hydrolysates of staminate clones were glutamate (12.6), aspartate (12.2), lysine (72), and arginine (7.1 g amino acid per 100g of protein). By contrast, asparagine was the major free amino acid. Comparison of the distribution of amino acids between free and proteinaceous forms indicated that aspartate-asparagine and proline were preferentially concentrated in the free fraction, but that most of the essential amino acids required for the nutrition of the honeybee (threonine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and histidine) were present as protein. With regard to the dietary adequacy of kiwifruit pollen protein for honeybees, staminate pollen represents a rich source of crude protein (37.2%) and contains adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids required, with the exception of isoleucine.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1992.10421776

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor