摘要:

The reasons for temperate fruit tree rootstock development are briefly outlined and the principal methods of rootstock propagation described. Although ease‐of‐propagation was once the principal criterion when selecting clonal rootstocks, other rootstock attributes, such as resistance to pests, diseases, and unfavourable climatic conditions or ability to dwarf the scion, have now become of greater priority. New and improved methods of propagation have aided this shift in priorities by enabling propagation of recalcitrant clones. Nevertheless, new methods of propagation which bring about partial rejuvenation of the rootstock also have disadvantages. Micropropagated rootstocks frequently sucker profusely and may also show increased burrknotting.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513912

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Rootstocks have been used for propagating temperate fruit trees for more than 2000 years. Many of the rootstocks used, as well as providing a simple method of propagation, also affect scion growth, cropping, and adaptability to different environmental conditions. How rootstocks bring about their effects on scion growth and cropping is still not understood. This review describes and discusses some of the many rootstock effects on temperate fruit tree scion growth, vigour, and habit, as well as scion precocity and abundance of flowering and the propensity of flowers to set fruits. Finally rootstock effects on yield efficiency are considered.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513913

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This mini‐review provides a definition of fruit quality, a comparison of rootstock effects and importance in deciduous and citrus crops, and a detailed examination of fruit quality in relation to citrus rootstocks. Fruit quality is defined in simple, complex, and specific terms recognising that it is eventually a matter of consumer preference. When fruit quality is measured as physical traits and chemical composition, little rootstock effect has been demonstrated among deciduous crops as compared to citrus rootstocks which have well‐known effects on more than 10 quality factors. This difference is explained by comparing the relative importance of rootstocks for precocity, yield, and tree size control, and through contrasts in annual phenological cycles, fruit respiratory behaviour, crop load and canopy management techniques, and the use of clonal rootstocks in citrus and deciduous fruit trees. Mechanisms of rootstock effect on fruit quality are discussed using apple,Malus domesticaBorkh. (a climacteric, starch accumulating fruit), and citrus fruit (which are non‐climacteric and accumulate soluble solids). An argument is presented that apple quality is determined largely by factors related to crop load and canopy management whereas citrus fruit and juice quality are closely related to rootstock effects on plant water relations as evidenced by field trial results, sucrose transport, and reciprocal fruit grafting studies.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513914

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Identification of problems and prioritising breeding objectives based on those problems are essential first steps in a rootstock improvement program. For all tree fruits, incorporating resistances to critical diseases and pests will facilitate fruit production in a social environment demanding reduction in pesticide usage. Diseases caused by variousPhytophthoraspecies are important and can be catastrophic for all major tree fruit crops; breeding for resistance toPhytophthorahas generally been successful. Very large initial seedling populations are required to permit suitably rigorous early screening; the breeding team should anticipate odds of l:104to 1:106that any given seedling will be commercially successful. In preliminary orchard tests, positive selection for dwarfing and precocity induction can be made by the fifth year. More rigorous second tests should be made with a number of commercial varieties in several locations. Although almost all rootstock improvement programs now rely on conventional breeding methods, through application of genetic engineering, the Mailing 26 apple(Malus domestica)rootstock has been successfully transformed from being highly susceptible to fire blight to being moderately resistant.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513915

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper summarises the principles that should be followed in selecting new grape (Vitissp.) rootstocks for use in New Zealand. Essential information that must be recorded in full evaluations of grape rootstocks include: trial objectives and anticipated duration, plant material source, site conditions, vineyard design, and harvest and postharvest data. Recommendations are made regarding rootstocks that should be considered for use under New Zealand conditions.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513916

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Transformed plants of four different genotypes ofActinidia chinensisPlanch, were recovered from experiments using theAgrobacterium tumefaciensstrains A281 and C58, both carrying the binary vector pKIWI105.A. chinensiswas compared to a related species A.deliciosa,in its amenability to transformation and regeneration procedures. During regenerationA. chinensisshoot initiation was more rapid and prolific thanA. deliciosa,althoughA. chinensiswas more sensitive to small changes in growth regulator concentration. Comparisons between the different genotypes ofA. chinensisshowed only minor differences in growth regulator preferences. The strains ofAgrobacterium tumefaciensthat were effective as gene transfer agents in A.chinensiswere the same as those which transformed A.deliciosa.Southern analysis and Polymerase Chain Reaction amplification of the transferred genes were used to confirm the transgenic nature of regenerated plantlets.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513917

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Leptospermum scopariumForst. has an ideal form for a cut flower, but its use is limited by a short vase life. Flowers on cut stems typically wilt within 4–6 days of harvest. A breeding programme was initiated to develop cultivars with improved characteristics for commercial cut flower production, focusing on increasing postharvest life. A survey was conducted of 38 cultivars ofL. scopariumas well as 16 other speciesof Leptospermum,3 of the closely related genusKunzea,and 1 intergeneric hybrid betweenL. scopariumandK. sinclairii.The vase lives of theL. scopariumcultivars studied varied from 1 to 6 days, with a modal value of 4 days.L. scoparium’Crimson Glory’ has been successfully hybridised toL. rotundifolium’Jervis Bay’. The Fl progeny of this cross lasted from 4 to 9 days in a vase with a modal value of 6.5 days. Other heritable characters included differences in leaf and flower dimensions and the accumulation of the blue anthocyanidin moiety delphinidin in the petals.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513918

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Many insects which are useful as biocontrol agents feed on pollen and nectar as adults. Nectar and pollen sources (as “companion plants") can be grown around or within crops to increase the density and diversity of predators and parasites. Plants vary in their suitability for such uses, however, and in this work, three cultivars ofCoriandrum,two ofPhacelia,and one each ofAnethumandFagopyrumwere compared with respect to their sowing‐to‐flowering times, and susceptibility to low temperatures in Canterbury, New Zealand. There were large differences between cultivars with respect to sowing‐to‐flowering times. The time to flowering was the greatest with autumn sowings andAnethumwas the most noticeably delayed.Fagopyrumfailed to flower from March to July sowings, indicating a sensitivity to low temperatures or frosts; however, it had the shortest sowing‐to‐flowering period of all plants tested. The possibility of assessing otherFagopyrumcultivars for their tolerance to low temperatures and their ability to flower in early summer is discussed.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513919

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A programme to monitorHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) for resistance to fenvalerate was initiated in 1991. Bioassays that exposed individuals to insecticide residues in glass vials were carried out on pheromone‐trapped adults and on Fl larvae reared from insects collected in the field. These assays assessed changes in susceptibility to fenvalerate during each cropping season and from year to year.H. armigerafor assays were collected from processing tomato, sweet corn, and lucerne crops, mainly from the Gisborne and Hawke's Bay regions of New Zealand. Comparison of LD50S showed significant increases in resistance of 69‐fold for adults and 47‐fold for third instar larvae within a season. A diagnostic dose of 1 μg (LD95for susceptible populations) showed a significant trend of declining mortality from 1992 to 1994 for adults, but trends were unclear for larvae. Assays with a diagnostic dose of 10 μg (LD99for susceptible populations) showed decreasing mortality from 1992 to 1994, and at 90 μg c. 1% survival of field‐collected adults was detected in 1994. Comparison with Australian data and lack of control failure suggests that New Zealand populations are still widely susceptible to the insecticide, but that the frequency of resistance to pyrethroids is increasing. A reduction in the rate of decrease in susceptibility within the 1994 cropping season suggests that integrated pest management procedures have reduced selection for fenvalerate resistance inH. armigera.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513920

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The frost hardiness temperature (i.e., the temperature that causes damage) and the lethal temperature (i.e., the temperature that causes death) were assessed in summer (January) and winter (July) for 35Hebespecies, cultivars, and hybrids. Frost hardiness was also assessed in both autumn and spring for a limited number of these selections. The amount of frost tolerated in summer, when assessed using the frost hardiness temperature, ranged from only ‐1.5°C (H. diosmifolia(spring flowering type)) to ‐4.5°C (H. albicans, H. cupressoides, H. macranthavar.macrantha, H. odora, H. odora’Anomala’,H. odora’Buxifolia’,H. pimeleoides’Graeme Paterson’,H. aff. pimeleoides, H. propinqua, H. recurva, H. topiara, H.’Emerald Gold’, andH.Xyoungii) and, when assessed using lethal temperature, from ‐2.4°C(H.’Inspiration’ ) to‐8.1 °C (H. cupressoides.). In winter the frost hardiness temperature ranged from ‐2.4°C (H. diosmifolia(spring flowering type) andH.’Inspiration') to ‐8.1°C(H. cupressoides)and the lethal temperature ranged from ‐4.5°C (H. diosmifolia(spring flowering type),H. ellipticavar.ellipticaandH.’Inspiration') to ‐12.9°C(H. cupressoidesandH. propinqua).We present information on hardiness levels that challenges the current classification of some of the material based on hardiness zones.

ISSN:0114-0671    

DOI:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513921

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor