ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Infectious diarrhoea has been recognised as a serious public health problem for Aboriginal Australians, particularly infants and young children, for more than two decades. These diseases are caused by bacterial, viral and parasitic infections which are spread mainly by the faecal‐oral route and which must be interrupted if prevention is to be effective. This paper reviews published reports on this subject and interventions which have been used elsewhere to reduce the incidence of infectious diarrhoea. These reports have important implications for Aboriginal health but interventions and strategies to overcome this problem must recognise the unique circumstances of Aboriginal people in Australi

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:This study examines the cost of cervical cancer screening provided by a women's health nurse. Methods used to estimate the cost of taking a Pap smear were based on the economic principle of opportunity cost. Techniques for estimating the magnitude of some costs were developed specifically for this study because the cost of taking a Pap smear had to be isolated from the costs of other services provided by the women's health nurse. The cost of taking a Pap smear in 1989 was estimated to be between $17.68 and $17.95. A sensitivity analysis was carried out so that the results of this study could be adapted for practices which differ from the women's health nurse's practice in the Mount Druitt and Hawkesbury area of New South Wales. As a result of this analysis, the cost of taking a Pap smear ranged from $14.16 to $38.88, depending on whether the women's health nurse was a Clinical Nurse Consultant or Clinical Nurse Specialist, the number of Pap smears taken, the proportion of clients who come for postnatal examinations, length of consultations and the distance travelled. It should be noted that the cost of taking a Pap smear would rise considerably above $38.88 for women's health nurses working in remote areas.

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Three estimates of the number of injecting drug users residing within the Eastern Sydney Area Health Service (ESAHS) were obtained by applying the capture‐recapture technique to data from three reliable sources, specifically, Methadone Services, the Bourke Street Drug Advisory Service and the Albion Street Clinic. The obtained estimates were 3449, 3046 and 1103 respectively. Statewide methadone statistics were also used to obtain an estimate of 15 082 injecting drug users in New South Wales. This estimate was close to the linearly projected estimates (14 274 and 14 416) from two previous studies. Estimates based upon the methadone statistics indicate that approximately 23% of injecting drug users in New South Wales reside within the ESAHS. A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effects on the estimates of the likely violation of the closed population assumptio

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:This paper reviews the data available in New South Wales on teenage fertility rates and pregnancy outcomes. Teenage births comprise six per cent of all births in New South Wales, but they constitute a significant public health problem because they are associated with elevated rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes, which include low birthweight, perinatal death and pre‐eclampsia. Risk is concentrated in females under 18 years of age. Pregnancy outcomes for females aged 18 to 19 years are similar to those of women aged 20 to 24 years. Teenage fertility rates have remained stable since the mid‐1980s, following a decline which began in the early 1970s. There are large geographic variations in teenage fertility within the state, with the highest rates in the far west of New South Wales and in western Sydney. Teenagepregnancyin New South Wales (as distinct fromfertilitywhich reflects births) cannot be assessed accurately because of the lack of information on terminations of pregnancy. However, available data suggest that teenage pregnancy rates have not increased during the 19

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00061.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Nitrogen dioxide is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and as an emission from gas‐fired appliances, and is also a component of tobacco smoke. Nitrogen dioxide has been shown in experimental animals to be toxic to the respiratory tract. A number of recent studies have suggested that children exposed to significant levels of nitrogen dioxide in the home may be more susceptible to respiratory illness than children exposed to normal ambient levels. Respiratory illness is a major cause of morbidity in children everywhere. Here, we review the available evidence of this association and explore methodological issues in measurement of nitrogen dioxide exposure— misclassification of subjects, symptom bias and confounding. It has recently been shown that some New South Wales school rooms, where unflued gas heaters are often used as a source of warmth, have nitrogen dioxide levels which are above recommended ambient levels for outside air. This has underlined the need for setting standards for indoor levels of various pollutants, and cohort studies are suggested, to include personal monitoring and prospective data collection techniq

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00062.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Differential and spatial analyses of respiratory system cancer were undertaken for New South Wales and Sydney for the period 1980–1986. The source of data was death certificate information on the unit list mortality file tapes provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Characteristics of persons dying included age, sex, birthplace, occupational status and cause of death (ICD9 classification). The aim was to identify populations at risk from respiratory system cancer, and where they were located. Deaths were disaggregated for the abovementioned categories by cross‐tabulation at the state level and for geographical areas having populations with higher levels of respiratory cancer mortality. Never‐married males of lower occupational status had higher rates of respiratory cancer, mainly lung cancer. Divorced men also had higher mortality as did widowers who were in lower occupational status work, while married men in managerial work also had significantly high mortality. The marital status variation was mostly not found with females, although significantly high female mortality was found in several low socioeconomic status areas of Sydney. Mortality of both sexes was significantly higher in metropolitan Sydney than in the rest of New South Wales and associations between older age mortality and some industrial areas were found in S

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00063.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:This study investigated the occupational exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) of a group of blast furnace workers from an integrated steelworks, compared to a control group having no significant occupational CO exposure from other areas in the same works. The study was undertaken in 1984 at Port Kembla, New South Wales. Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels before and after an eight‐hour work shift were measured in 98 male steelworkers: 52 from two CO‐exposed iron blast furnaces and 46 controls from production areas in the same steelworks. The sample was stratified by smoking habits. Environmental air CO levels had been found to be consistently higher on one furnace than on the other. Absorption of CO from the working environment occurred in workers on the blast furnace with higher CO levels, regardless of smoking habits. On this blast furnace, some readings of COHb levels after a workshift in nonsmokers approached the proposed Australian occupational limit of 5 per cent COHb saturation. Overall, workers with the highest occupational exposure who smoked most heavily had the highest absorption of CO over a work shift. Biological monitoring gives an accurate measure of individual worker ‘dose’ of CO from all sources. Both environmental monitoring and biological monitoring need to be included as part of a program for controlling occupational CO e

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00064.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:An in‐depth study of 79 vehicle crashes on rural roads in an area of about 100 km radius around Adelaide examined sociodemographic and psychophysiological characteristics of the drivers and riders involved. In many respects this sample of crashes was similar to a much larger number of police‐reported crashes in the same area but included: relatively more crashes with severe or fatal injuries; more crashes on divided roads, on sealed roads and on curves; and more crashes involving trucks. Alcohol and lack of seat belt use were shown to be major problems in these rural crashes. The drivers and riders most strongly associated with these particular problems were males, in blue collar occupations and with limited education; they tended to be aged 30 years or more in the case of alcohol abuse, and were likely to be under 30 years in the case of restraint misuse. The attitudes of these drivers and riders, and other characteristics likely to have contributed to their involvement in a crash, are discussed. There is a need to develop specific and effective countermeasures to reduce drink‐driving and increase seat belt wearing in rural

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00065.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Dietary goals designed to improve nutritional health and lower the risk of chronic disease have been drawn up in Australia. Compliance with quantified goals was assessed in a random sample of 91 residents of Nambour, a typical community in southeast Queensland. Compliance was highest for alcohol and cholesterol goals. About three‐quarters of the sample complied with the goal of limiting alcohol intake to five per cent of energy intake, and over half complied with the goal to limit daily cholesterol intake to less than 300mg. Compliance was lower for total fat and fibre goals. About 40% of the sample complied with the goal of consuming less than 33% of energy as fat or the goal of consuming 30g or more fibre per day. Compliance was slightly better for women than for men. Only a small proportion of the sample complied with goals to increase total carbohydrate intake to 55% or more of energy, or to limit saturated fatty acid intake to 10% of energy. For each of the goals, some were far from complying. In general, compliance with goals was lowest for males under 40 and was also low for women under 4

ISSN:1035-7319    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1992.tb00066.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY