摘要:

Data collected at weather stations are usually used to represent the environmental conditions over the surrounding area (often in the order of 10s or 100s of km2), in spite of differences in elevation, terrain, and other major geophysical factors. We report a method of extending the useful domain of weather data by incorporation of digital terrain data into a model that distributes recorded data over the area surrounding a recording location. Temperature was estimated for each 0.1 km2witnin a 320 km2study area comprising Vestfold county in southern Norway. Estimates were based on correlation analysis and models resulting from comparisons of temperature data from 16 farm locations and temperature recorded at three automatic weather stations, elevation, slope, aspect, proximity to the ocean, and proximity to automatic weather stations. Analysis revealed that local weather could be estimated with greater accuracy than by simply using the values recorded at the automatic stations. Calculation and presentation of the model output can be accomplished with a geographic information system (GIS).

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of overhead irrigation on plant disease can conveniently be discussed under the following headings. Spore dispersal: irrigation effects splash dispersal and provides the necessary moisture. Under semi‐arid conditions, spore dispersal takes place during the morning hours. Irrigation early in the day will aid spore dispersal. Spore resistance: irrigation will modify microclimatic conditions and reduce the stress of exposed spores to radiation, heat and dryness. Moisture period required for infection: leaf surface temperatures will determine the moisture period required for infection. Irrigation timing in relation to moisture provided by rainfall or dew may be critical. The macroclimate: the less favourable the macroclimate, the greater is the importance of microclimatic modifications, and its effect on epidemiology. Microclimatic modifications: the lower the relative humidity during the day and the shorter the period of leaf wetness (dew), the greater will be the impact of sprinkling. Foliar density interacts in determining the microclimate. The later the spore dispersal during the morning, the smaller will the effect of sprinkling be. The greater the resistance of the spores to stress conditions during the day, the smaller the effect of sprinkling. The shorter the period required for host penetration, the more pronounced will be the effect of overhead irrigatio

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Agriculture in the Czech Republic and its supporting services have been influenced during the last four decades by: (1) heavy pollution of the environment; (2) structural changes in the agricultural sector, i.e. collectivization in the fifties and privatization in the nineties; (3) global climate changes. Further destruction of the environment must be avoided, and methods of integrated plant protection, including biological methods, must be used whenever possible.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01264.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Le Réseau d'avertissements phytosanitaires est un programme de formation et d'information visant à rendre les producteurs agricoles du Québec plus efficaces et responsables de la protection de leurs cultures. Le programme a pour objectif également de promouvoir l'utilisation rationnelle et sécuritaire des pesticides, de même que l'adoption de la philosophie et de la pratique de la lutte intégrée au sein de la communauté agricole. En se basant sur des modéles bioclimatiques de prévision et des programmes de suivi au champ, le Réseau informe régulièrement les producteurs et les conseillers agricoles de l'évolution des ennemis des cultures dans leurs régions, de la stratégie d'intervention la plus appropriée, compte tenu des risques et des mesures préventives disponibles, et de la période optimale pour une telle intervention. Il existe actuellement des programmes de prévision pour une quinzaine d'insectes et de maladies des plantes; ces programmes sont alimentés par des données recueillies chaque jour au niveau de 110 stations météorologiques. Le service est offert gratuitement par le Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec à l'ensemble des producteurs agricoles. Les producteurs horticoles (légumes, petits fruits, pomme de terre, pommier, cultures en serre) reçoivent l'information par la poste, alors que dans le cas des grandes cultures (céréales, maïs, graminées et légumineuses fourragéres, soja) les communiqués sont publiés dans la presse agricole. Certains communiqués sont de plus diffusés par Radiométéo Canada, par des stations de radio l

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01265.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This summary presents the real possibilities for the use of agrometeorology in achieving IPM in horticultural crops and vineyards, and also the problems. Some examples of the practical application of forecasting models for fungal and insect pests are used to document the usefulness of this recently improved approach tomodern phytotherapy, which aims to increase the effectiveness of treatments while simultaneously reducing their number. In this way one can obtain a reduced impact of chemical pollution on man and the environment. However, the practical requirements of IPM programmes must be emphasized and these set the standard for the type, quantity and quality of the meteorological data input. The contribution of biotic factors is compared with that of abiotic ones. Finally, the present needs of agrometorology in IPM are focused, with an outline of its future perspectives.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01266.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Insect population processes, such as development and reproduction, are dependent upon temperature. Accurate predictions of the phenology and population dynamics of insect pests require accurate recording of the temperatures experienced by the organisms. Any errors in the temperature measurements may result in spurious estimates of the pest population and, therefore, poor quality advice on the necessary control strategies. A simulation model predicting the phenology and population dynamics of the summer fruit tortrix,Adoxophyes orana, will be described. Output from the model closely resembled field observations of the population dynamics of the pest. Experimentation with the model revealed its sensitivity to small changes of temperature. The results illustrate the importance of using input recorded realistically with respect to the biology of the pests.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01267.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

L'époque de floraison est la période de sensibilité maximale des plantes‐hôtes du feu bactérien. La bactérie responsable (Erwinia amylovora) est capable d'infecter les fleurs des que certaines conditions de temperature et de pluviosité sont réalisées. Une méthode de détermination de l'époque de floraison reste nécessaire pour estimer les risques potentiels de la maladie en un lieu donné, pour une espèce végétale donnée. A partir de la méthode mise au point par Bidabe pour le pommier, l'utilisation d'une approximation exponentielle de I'action thermique et de méthodes statistiques, basées sur la constance des besoins en froid et en chaud conduisant respectivement à la levée de dormance et à la floraison, permet de déterminer, pour le poirier, avec une précision suffisante, le stade de pleine floraison. Les risques épidémiologiques peuvent être ainsi évalués pour une période de floraison théorique centrée sur ce stade. Cette étude a été mise en oeuvre à partir de séries de données climatiques et phénologiques en région Pays d

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01268.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness of the Californian model Bugoff2 forCydia pomonellawas tested in Germany (4 years) and Italy (2 years), the Italian results confirming the German findings. In the first codling moth generation (air temperatures normally below 30 C) good agreement was found between field observations of egg hatching and the model's forecast. However, the model gave notable differences for the second generation, i.e. 3 weeks in Germany and 1 week in Italy, and a significant difference for the third generation in Italy. These divergencies arise from an overestimation of the development rate of the codling moth in Bugoff 2's heat unit table whenever air temperature exceeds the upper limit for development. As a result of modifications to Bugoff 2, an example of a better simulation of the codling moth egg hatch in Germany and Italy is discussed.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01269.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mashhad Province is the second largest apple‐producing area in north‐east Iran.Cydia pomonellais one of the important pests in this province. This pest, which passes through 3–4 generations, may cause serious damage in apple orchards. Forecasting and supervisingC. pomonellaby a pest control network started in 1984 in this province. Forecasting is based on the accumulated heat‐unit requirement for different stages of pest development. Peak flight dates were determined by the use of pheromone traps. The flight date of the first generation was determined on the basis of a 130 degree‐day requirement (by 10°C threshold). The probability interval for the arrival of this date was calculated (at 25% risk) using long‐period weather data. Recommended data for pest treatment

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01270.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) is a major pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of the world. A model using weather data has been developed to forecast the timing ofD. radicumattacks. The model simulates development of a field population ofD. radicum, commencing with the overwintering stage (diapause pupa) and following development through the first, second and, where appropriate, third generation until autumn. The model is based on a series of rate equations which describe the relationship between the rate of development ofD. radicumand temperature. The model uses soil temperatures in the simulation of the development of the egg, larval and pupal stages, and air temperatures with the adult‐fly stage, taking account of periods of summer dormancy (aestivation) and the onset of winter dormancy (diapause). Using local weather data or standard measurements of air and soil temperatures taken at agrometeorological stations, the model can forecastD. radicumactivity in any regio

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1991.tb01271.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY