ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01337.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The FAO Interregional Cooperative Research Network on Olives is working on plant protection with the main objective of setting up an integrated pest management system aimed at controlling the main insect pests attacking Mediterranean olive orchards. The study of the factors controlling populations of both olive pests and their natural parasites and predators has therefore taken a great share of that cooperative effort. This paper reviews the work developed so far, while describing the computerized pest management programme now in use in Spain. This is directed by the national and some regional Plant Protection Services and based on the cooperation of olive growers' associations named Agrupaciones para Tratamientos Integrados (ATRIAs). Each ATRIA provides the meteorological and insect population data needed for plant protection researchers to take decisions about where and when to treat each pest.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01338.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Olive scab or leaf spot, caused by the fungusSpilocaea oleagina, is widespread in the Mediterranean region. Losses arise mostly from defoliation of severely infected trees, with consequently reduced yield. Symptoms are mainly confined to leaves and appear as dark brown, circular, zonate spots surrounded by yellow haloes (‘peacocks eye’).S. oleaginashows a typical subcuticular growth, forming flat colonies within the cutinized layer of the thick epidermal cell wall. This habit has been associated with a defence reaction of the host involving mobilization and breakdown of the phenolic glucoside oleuropin and inhibition of pectolytic enzymes produced by the pathogen. The disease is particularly severe in densely planted groves of susceptible olive cultivars and in nurseries. Infections may occur throughout the year, except during hot and dry summers, when favourable temperatures (opt. 16–21°C) and rains occur. Conidia, formed at the apex of short ampulliform conidiophores, are usually carried by rain droplets, but recent data show that humid air currents and insects also contribute to limited aerial dissemination. Usually, the incubation period is about 2 weeks; however, if infection is followed by a hot season, it may last several weeks. Spots already formed in spring may stop growing in summer and resume their growth and sporulation in autumn. Chemical control schedules include fungicide (especially copper) treatments during the main infection seasons (spring and a

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Investigations were carried out to study the occurrence and effectiveness of wind dispersal of conidia of the olive spot pathogenSpilocaea oleagina.Dissemination in absence of rain was confirmed both by collecting conidia at various distances from an inoculum source and by using trap plants. The dispersal gradient of conidia was very steep: 3–10% of leaves of olive seedlings placed 20 m from diseased trees became infecte

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01340.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ectopsocus briggsiwas recognized as a probable agent in dispersal ofSpilocaea oleagina.Conidia of the fungus were found on the body, inside the insect and in its excrement.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01341.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Spilocuea oleaginaprovoque en Crète des dégâts importants sur les cultivars d'olivier Mastoidis et Kalamon. Les fongicides cupriques suivants ont été testés contre la maladie: sulfate de cuivre (BBS 25), oxychlorure de cuivre (Virifix 50), sels cupriques des acides gras et résineux (Tenn Cop 5E) et sulfate ammoniacal de cuivre (Copac E). Deux traitements ont été effectués pendant les périodes critiques pour la Crète (début octobre, fin février) sur des arbres du cv. Kalamon. L'efficacité a étéévaluée par dénombrement des feuilles infectéès et des taches par feuille, sur échantillons prélevés dans la couronne des arbres traités. Pour estimer l'action phytotoxique des fongicides testés, on a ramasséà l'aide d'un filet plastique toutes les feuilles tombées. Les sels cupriques et le sulfate de cuivre ont montré la meilleure efficacitéà l'egard du pathogène. On a constaté de plus, 8 mois après le premier traitement chimique, une ch

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01342.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A survey was carried out in Sardegna (IT) on residues in olive oil from olive treated againstSpilocaea oleuginawith several systemic fungicides at normal and double dose rate: benomyl, thiophanate‐methyl, bitertanol, penconazole and fenarimol, all currently not registered for this use in Italy. There was a rapid decrease in benomyl, thiophanate‐methyl, and bitertanol in the samples of oil from treated olives collected 0, 10, and 20 days after last treatment, but the degradation of fenarimol appeared slower. In contrast, the concentration of penconazole increased with time. It is suggested that registration of the first four compounds for use on olive would be justif

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mycocentrospora cladosporioideshas been recorded as present and widely distributed on olive fruits and leaves in Greece since 1972. The fungus frequently appears on the lower surface of the older leaves, growing like a dark olivaceous mould. The disease, known as cercosporiosis, sometimes causes severe defoliation. Green and mature olives are occasionally attacked. The severity of fruit infection seems to be related to mild humid weather in the 3 months prior to harvest. Diseased fruits show superficial slightly sunken irregular dry spots often covered by the characteristic fructifications of the fungus. Infection of artificially inoculated detached olives starts with the appearance of slow‐growing brown lesions surrounding the lenticels. Cultivars producing large fruits for table use (e.g. Conservolia) are more susceptible. The fungus grows very slowly in culture and forms only a few conidia. Epidemiology and control have been little studied. Copper‐based fungicides used for olive scab control are not always effective against cercosporio

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sporogenesis inSpilocaea oleaginawas investigated in the field in relation to climatic conditions, in a 2‐year trial. At the beginning of each trial, a standard number of infected leaves still attached to the plant were gently scraped in order to remove completely all the fungal structures present on the lesion. At 1‐week intervals, four such leaves were detached from the plant, examined in the laboratory for new conidiophores and conidia production, and rated for number of conidia produced by 100 conidiophores. In the first year of the trial, the fungus showed intense activity from the first week of April (beginning of the trial) to the end of April. This activity continued at reduced intensity with small variations until the end of September. In the second year (starting at the beginning of December), the fungus showed an initial lag, starting producing conidia in the last week of December. Activity increased progressively until the beginning of April. After a relatively static period during summer, the fungus resumed intense activity during September and October (end of the trial). Sporogenesis in S. oleugina appears to be linked to climatic conditions, especially to RH, maximum activity of the fungus being recorded during rainy or highly humid peri

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Olive knot disease caused byPseudomonas syringaesubsp.savastanoiis widespread all over Greece where olive is grown and its severity varies from heavy in some areas and cultivars to very mild in others. Hypertrophied enlargements (galls or knots) more or less spherical in shape and up to 2.5 cm in diameter develop mostly on shoots, twigs, branches and trunks. Fruit infection, as roughly circular brown spots of 0.5‐2.5 mm in diameter, is another form of disease which develops during wet summers. All olive cultivars are equally susceptible to the pathogen. However, the differences in disease distribution and severity observed between cultivars and areas are directly related to the degree of wounding from whatever cause (frost, hailstorm, harvesting injuries), especially when they are accompanied by rainy and wet weather or moist winds. Harvesting by beating the trees with sticks is an important epidemiological factor for disease incidence in Greece. Suggested control measures are summarize

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1993.tb01346.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY