摘要:

International cooperation in the field of plant quarantine is based on the FAO Convention, Rome 1951, and the accompanying phytosanitary certificate. In the year 1951 the regional organization EPPO was also founded. The recent publication of lists of quarantine pests and diseases, in cooperation between the member countries of this last‐mentioned organization, is of great importance. The importation of exotic consignments, and especially those with vegetative propagation material and seeds, often gives rise to great risks for new pests and diseases. In recent years, the transfer of germplasm material for gene banks in different parts of the world has brought new problems. International cooperation is required within a chain of post‐entry quarantine stations, especially equipped to facilitate safe exchange between gene banks. The author proposes a regional quarantine station of this sort to serve the Nordic gene bank at L

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Detailed assessment of the potential of an alien species to become a pest when introduced into a new area requires a comprehensive knowledge of the biology of that species. In the absence of such knowledge, species can be classified for temperate areas into one of four categories of risk on the basis of capacity for survival in similar climates and presence of host plants outdoors or under glass. The categories are: 1) potential outdoor pests, 2) potential glasshouse pests, 3) species that have outdoor hosts but are unlikely to become pests on them unless they adapt genetically (no hosts under glass), and 4) species that have no host plants outdoors or under glass, or are incapable of prolonged survival outdoors. Some aspects of the more detailed assessment of better known species are suitable for computer simulation modelling. The features of a phenological model currently being developed in England are briefly described. Estimates of the benefits derived from excluding a particular alien pest can be obtained from the cost of the additional annual control measures likely to be required if the pest were to be introduced. Estimates of factors such as crop losses, environmental problems and increased research and advisory work must be added to obtain a range of costs for years when pest populations are likely to be ← high →, ← normal → and ← low →. Costs of excluding the pest must include cost to government (staff costs, eradication measures, publicity etc.) and costs to industry. The resulting comparison of benefit with cost can aid decisions on the design and enforcement of phytosanitary

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The increased containerisation of stored products has led to some problems from the phytosanitary point of view. A complicated inspection system has to be established even for empty containers. Transportation of containers under gas in seagoing vessels is desirable, but the Inter‐Governmental Maritime Consultation Organisation must provide generally accepted guidelines for safety measures to avoid accident

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01916.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The importation of plant germplasm into the United States involves the risk that certain plant species may carry plant pests hazardous to US agriculture. On the basis of a pest risk analysis, plants or plant parts of a plant species from a particular country are assigned an entry status which constitutes the least drastic quarantine action necessary to exclude hazardous pests that could be imported with this germplasm. Quarantine procedures necessary for entry range from foreign site field inspections (preclearance) or visual inspection at a port of entry (low‐risk seeds) for low‐risk plant material to testing high‐risk introductions for hazardous pests in quarantine facilities (prohibited). The recent revision of Quarantine 37 for the importation of nursery stock reflects changes in the assignment of certain plant genera to either a more or less restrictive entry status on the basis of risk assessments for quarantine pests of the particular genus. Pest risk analyses on certain seeds and also vegetative propagations of grasses, legumes, conifers, and certain fruits and nuts are now underway to determine if future changes in US quarantine laws are necessary to protect US agricu

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01917.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

By Council Directive 77/93/EEC, the EEC has set up a uniform EEC plant quarantine system which aims to have standardized EEC requirements, to protect the Community as a whole against the introduction of exotic harmful organisms, and to facilitate trade between Member States of EEC. The system covers intra‐community trade in plants and plant products as well as their imports from outside the Community. Member States are bound by this system. With one exception, all Member States have now implemented it. The necessary details of its interpretation will be decided at Community level and not unilaterally. EEC operates the system through close cooperation between the plant protection organizations of the Member States and the Commission. Special actions in respect of some exotic diseases have already been taken or are in preparation. EEC is interested in the experience of EPPO or other international organizations and is anxious to contribute to EPPO activities to protect the EPPO region from the introduction of exotic harmful organism

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01918.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The author reviews the principal pests and pathogens intercepted on imported plants and plant products in Denmark and considers the measures required to reduce risks in future.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01919.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Danish plant quarantine regulations are reviewed, together with the plant health controls on exported plant material. All material for sale and planting, whether in Denmark or for export, is now subject to phytosanitary inspection.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01920.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

L'auteur passe en revue les risques présentés par l'importation de plantes Bonsai en provenance d'Asie, ainsi que les mesures phytosanitaires déjà appliquées par les pays importateurs. II préconise un ensemble de mesures, proches de celles adoptées par le Royaume‐Uni, afin d'empêcher l'introduction plus particulièrement dePopillia japonica, de divers nématodes et deGymnosporangiu

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For conifers in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland) the geographical origin and ← niche → of conifer insects originating from elsewhere are briefly discussed. Insects associated with seed and small plants have spread best, those associated with bark and timber have followed the trade routes only. Exotic conifers in the region are mainly attacked by indigenous inse

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The article reviews the principal exotic diseases of conifers and the means by which they may be introduced into Europe. There is a need for agreement between theorganizations concerned (EPPO, EEC and national plant protection services) on the diseases which merit specific mention in regulations and off the measures to be adopted to prevent their introduction.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01923.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY