ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The use of poison baits is still the most important control method against commensal as well as field rodents. The baiting techniques used must be adapted to the ecology and behaviour of the target species. The various aspects of rodent behaviour influencing the effect of a control operation are discussed with emphasis on feeding behaviour, exploratory behaviour, neophobia, bait shyness, transporting, hoarding and territoriality. Advantages and disadvantages of sustained versus pulsed baiting techniques are discussed from a behavioural point of view.

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There is a general desire by those formulating rodent baits to improve them to achieve better rodent control. Various bait additives are currently in use while others have been evaluated without significant benefit. Some food or taste preferences are innate while other specific food preferences of rodents are learned during early experiences in life. Sugar (sweet items) and vegetable oils and animal fats are the most universally effective additives for cereal baits to improve acceptance and palatability for the three major species of commensal rodents. Salt, monosodium glutamate, and a wide array of natural, semi‐natural, and synthetic flavors/aromas as bait enhancers have been explored as gustatory (taste) and olfactory (odor) additives. Their influence on rodents seeking out the bait and on bait acceptance are varied and inconsistent. Flavor additives to baits have often decreased rather than increased consumptio

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rattus norvegicusandMus domesticusare the only significant commensal rodents in Britain, thoughRattus rattusis also present in a few places.R. norvegicusis by far the most important pest of agriculture. No recent quantitative information is available on the status of rodent infestation, damage or control, though these are generally considered to be satisfactory and to have altered little in the last few years. In particular, there seem to be no infestation problems of practical significance that cannot be adequately resolved by currently available control techniques. Recent developments of practical interest include the occurrence of rodent damage to the plastic bags in which big bale silage is preserved, low‐grade resistance to difenacoum inR. norvegicusin one locality, and the continued introduction of improved rodenticides. New legislation has been introduced giving government comprehensive powers over the use of pesticides, under which rodenticides must now be assessed for safety, efficacy and humaneness. Responsibility for research, training and extension in rodent control has largely been devolved to the private, academic and local government sectors, with central government now undertaking these activities only on a commercial basis. The nature and significance of these changes is discusse

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The traditional technique of applying anticoagulant rodenticides, as shaped by long experience in the use of low‐toxicity, first‐generation anticoagulants such as warfarin, aims to maximize treatment efficiency by maximizing the rate of bait consumption by the target rodents. This is done, somewhat laboriously, by laying surplus amounts of bait initially, and maintaining this surplus throughout the treatment by repeatedly replenishing the bait placements. The suggestion that the high toxicity of the second‐generation anticoagulants should enable a more efficient baiting system to be designed is examined experimentally in this field study of the control ofRattus norvegicuson British farms. Bait toxicity, infestation size and the incidence of complete takes of bait were found to be independent and highly significant determinants of treatment duration whilst, in comparison, the size and density of bait points and the frequency with which the bait was replenished were found to be relatively unimportant. However, bait size and, more especially, replenishment frequency had detectable secondary effects, apparently through partial relationships with the incidence of complete takes and infestation size. The results indicate, in relation to the control of commensal infestations ofR. norvegicuson British farms, that the use of high‐toxicity bait formulations and frequent replenishment schedules increase the speed of control, whilst the number and size of bait placements are relatively unimportant; they also suggest that reductions in the frequency of bait replenishment made in order to save labour could be compensated for by increasing the toxicity of the bait and taking other steps to reduce the incidence of complete takes of bait. The results are discussed in relation to the concept of ‘pulsed

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Widespread use of warfarin, and other multiple‐dose anticoagulants, selected populations of warfarin‐resistant rodents in the UK and in other countries. The effectiveness of rodent control was dramatically reduced when the resistant animals formed a large proportion of a population. The second‐generation anticoagulants were developed to overcome these practical control problems with warfarin and were considered to be effective rodenticides against warfarin‐resistant populations. In the UK, however, difenacoum showed reduced efficacy for controlling an established warfarin‐resistantRattus norvegicuspopulation covering a substantial area of farmland in southern England. Continued use of difenacoum selected for difenacoum‐resistant animals, so that the rodenticide is now ineffective for controlling rats in three counties. Brodifacoum was subsequently used to control some infestations and there is evidence that these treatments selected for animals with an increased level of resistance to brodifacoum. Anticoagulant resistance inMus domesticusis less of a practical problem because of the availability of non‐anticoagulant rodenticides for the control of this species. There is evidence, however, of bromadiolone resistance inM. domesticustrapped on farms in the UK. Recent investigations of the mechanism of anticoagulant resistance inR. norvegicushave indicated that vitamin K3 (menadione) is an antidote to anticoagulants in resistant animals. This form of the vitamin is included as a dietary supplement in poultry and pig food and would aid the survival, and therefore increase the selection, of resistant animals when anticoagulants are use

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness of two poison bait formulations was examined in trials against infestations ofMus domesticusin farm buildings. Treatment was extensive on each of four farms, covering all buildings and lasting 1 year. In the four trials, bait containing calciferol and warfarin in combination, or difenacoum was used. Mouse infestation level was monitored, using the mark‐recapture trapping technique, before poison‐baiting was begun and every 6 weeks thereafter. Poison bait consumption was high initially and mouse numbers were substantially reduced on all four farms within 6 weeks. Subsequently, the difenacoum treatments were the most effective in keeping infestation levels extremely low. Mice still resident when the treatments were terminated were removed by live and kill traps. Laboratory feeding tests were conducted on the live‐caught survivors; all animals died after consuming poison bait of the kind used in the trials. Additional live‐trapping, 6 months and 1 year later, produced evidence of recolonization and of renewed population growth. It is concluded that sustained control effort is needed to prevent the build‐up ofM. domesticusnumbers in farm

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the previously defined PICA Strategy for prevention of losses caused by mass outbreaks (plagues) ofMus domesticusin the grain belt of southern and eastern Australia. Such a strategy is considered necessary, in place of the traditionalad hocresponse, if losses caused by mouse plagues are to be prevented. The PICA Strategy could be implemented as either site‐PICA or district‐PICA, each of which comprises four steps: (1) prediction of the plague; (2) informing governments, farmers and other managers; (3) control, using a tactical, prophylactic approach, to prevent mouse abundance from reaching plague proportions; (4) assessing the effectiveness of the control operation. Of the four components, prediction of mouse plagues is the key. Presently, a non‐mathematical mechanistic model of mouse plague formation, with above‐average autumn rains as the environmental trigger of each plague, is used. However, the economics and demography of mouse plagues, despite their apparently singular environmental trigger, exhibit a very high degree of spatial and temporal variability. Consequently, farmers and other decision‐makers require site‐specific predictions. Further scientific research into the population biology of house mice in heterogeneous landscapes, and control techniques are both required before the PICA Strategy can be implemented effectively.L'article réexamine la stratégie dite PICA (des mots anglais Prediction‐Information‐Control‐Assessment) pour la réduction des pertes associées aux pullulations deMus domesticusdans la zone céréalière de l'Australie orientale et méridionale. Le remplacement des mesuresad hocactuelles par cette stratégie est le seul moyen d'écarter ces pertes. Deux niveaux d'opération sont prévus‐site PICA (au niveau de la localité) et district‐PICA (au niveau de la région), chacun comportant 4 phases: 1) précision de la pullulation; 2) transmission d'informations aux autorités locales, aux agriculteurs et aux autres décideurs; 3) lutte, par approche tactique et prophylactique, destinée à contenir les populations au‐dessous de la pullulation; 4) évaluation de l'efficacité des opérations. La prévision est l'élément‐clé. Actuellement, la stratégie se base sur un modèle mécanistique non mathématique de la pullulation, déclenché par une pluviosité automnale excessive. Toutefois, si le moyen de déclenchement semble être toujours le même, les pullulations sont très variables dans le temps et dans l'espace en ce qui concerne leur importance économique et leur démographie. Les agriculteurs et autres décideurs ont ainsi besoin de prévisions spécifiques à la localité. Il faut ainsi poursuivre la recherche sur la biologie des populations de souris dans un paysage hétérogène, ainsi que sur les méthodes

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

L'élaboration de protocoles de tests en nature de produits rodenticides conduit régulièrement à se poser la question de la reproductibilité des expériences et de la validité de la comparaison des résultats obtenus par diverses équipes travaillant indépendamment. Ces comparaisons ne sont rationnellement possibles qu'à condition de prendre en compte les éléments de la biologie de l'espèce (place de l'expérience dans les cycles annuels et pluriannuels) et ceux du milieu (paysage, passé cultural). Ceci met en évidence le problème plus vaste de la variabilité de l'efficacité des traitements en fonction des facteurs évoqués ainsi que de la rémanence et des effets cumulés de traitements. Le protocole expérimental proposé dans cet article est loin de remplir toutes les exigences requises par un tel test, mais

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Voles (mainlyMicrotus agrestis) are major pests in Nordic birch plantations. No feasible measures are known for controlling the damage due to voles during cyclic peak years. The results presented here indicate that there are large differences in palatability between different origins of one‐year‐old birch seedlings. These differences in resistance could not be explained by the success of the winter‐hardening process. The voles shunned very small seedlings, but after the seedlings reached normal dimensions, there was no correlation between palatability and plant size. Contrary to predictions, seedlings from a greenhouse with higher growth temperatures were more susceptible to vole damage. The prospects for breeding for resistance are considered promising because the seedlings of the most resistant V. Koski and J. Tahvanainen provided valuable comments on the manuscript. The English was checked by J. von Weissenberg. P. Manninen carried out the measurements and E. Matikainen drew the fi

ISSN:0250-8052    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1988.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY