ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports on statistics concerning production and consumption of packaging (as a whole or per capita) in Europe, in the USA, in Japan and in the world. Data have been provided by National Trade Associations and by consultants specialized in packaging and in economics. It is estimated that in 1986 the global consumption of packaging reached 150 millions of tonnes valued at 1200 billions of French francs. Consumption could reach 247 million tonnes by the year 2000. Paper and board have the highest consumption rate, but plastics have the highest rate of growth. Nevertheless, consumption per capita in the industrialized countries will be more than 10 times the consumption in underdeveloped countries. The packaging industries take fourth place in the USA, sixth in Western Germany and twelfth in France.In Europe, as in the world, paper and board is the material most used (40%), with glass (a high density material) taking second place and plastics third, i.e. if we consider the quantity of materials and not their value. Some differences appear between the various countries, but the figures for USA and Japan lead to similar conclusions.The survey shows clearly that the USA as compared with Europe has twice the consumption of packaging materials per capita and this difference is even greater compared with the rest of the world.

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFillets of various kinds of fish are currently packed in thin films (e.g. polyvinyl chloride) for sale at supermarkets; however, these fillets are not necessarily fresh or of good quality.Packed fillets must be certified for safety, freshness and quality, because sensory judgement is difficult. In order to understand how the freshness and colour of red fish meat can be retained, the methods of packaging were examined. It was known that for freshness the packed fillets must be kept at a low temperature, but discoloration of red meat could not be prevented by this alone. However, discoloration of red‐meat fish, such as yellowtail and oceanic bonito, can be prevented by packing with nitrogen gas (N2

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPolyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic that has entered practically all areas of life as a cheap and versatile material. Since PVC also fulfils the high quality requirements placed on modern packaging materials, with respect to packaging techniques and consumer protection, it is being used to an increasing extent for packaging of food and beverages as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The various additives required for processing PVC into packaging materials and commodity articles, as well as improving its properties during usage (e.g. lubricants and stabilizers), are harmless with regard to human and ecotoxicological aspects. Their use is non‐hazardous and is therefore permitted by authorities. In the group of thermo‐ and light stabilizers for PVC, mixtures of mono‐ and dialkyltin thioglycolates play a major role. In accordance with legislation, these are allowed to be used in rigid PVC. In addition to their excellent stabilizing effect, they are not hazardous to the health of consumers of products packed in rigid PVC.Similarly, no health hazards exist to personnel, working in PVC production and processing plants, from volatile components of organotin stabilizers provided that processing and environmental prerequisites of modern technology are observed. The disposal of household waste that contains used PVC materials — stabilized with mixtures of mono‐ and dialkyltin thioglycolates — does not cause additional d

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020411

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020412

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020413

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0894-3214    

DOI:10.1002/pts.2770020401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY