ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974001

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYKnight, T. A. 1974. A review of hearing and song in birds with comments on the significance of song in display. Emu 74: 5–8.The songs of birds are produced by the modulation of air streams in the syrinx of the singing bird. The notes produced may be modulated in amplitude or frequency and serve to carry information. Noises occurring in display may also be produced by other means. The use of a given sound-structure depends upon the physical characteristics of the habitat in which it is commonly used.The differences in response between the human and avian ear may result in our own perception of the displays differing from that received by the birds. The relations of song to behaviour are complex.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974005

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYRobinson, F. N. 1974. The function of vocal mimicry in some avian displays. Emu 74: 9–10.Vocal mimicry in display is rare because specific identification is important. It occurs in the territorial displays of lyrebirds and bowerbirds and the reasons for this are examined. Its incorporation into the song of lyrebirds depends on the mimic using the model's calls at a time when they have no biological significance to the model and on the physical characteristics of the model's calls being significantly like those of the mimic to convey the same information to territorial rivals as do the mimic's own calls. The Noisy Scrub-bird mimics freely in sub-song but not in territorial song though it breeds in mid-winter. It has however an extended breeding season, which overlaps those of potential models, and unlike the lyrebirds males defend their territories throughout the year. Bowerbirds mimic the calls of predators simultaneously with their own territorial song to augment its aggressive nature. Mimicry is absent from the pre-copulatory display in all these species, where highly specific visual display predominates.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974009

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYTingay, S. 1974. Antiphonal song of the Magpie Lark. Emu 74: 11–17.This paper gives initial results of a field-study of Magpie Larks to investigate the function of antiphonal song. The occurrence of antiphonal calling varies during the year, reaching a peak before breeding and a minimum during care of the young. Antiphonal calls are given more often when the pair is together than apart, especially from roosting and other trees and during joint territorial aggression. During breeding, more circumstances must be classified as‘apart’than at other times because one bird is on the nest, but the pair is still often in visual contact while calling. Each pair has a number of varieties of antiphonal call that are used at different times of day. A pair's antiphonal songs carry information about the sexual and individual identity of the caller, probably only for that pair. The primary function of antiphonal song is probably to keep the pair together and to enable co-operation. Its second function is in advertising to conspecifics that the territory is occupied. Only a pair's signature call seems to be given in a different situation from other antiphonal calls and may be particularly important in keeping the birds together.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974011

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYDavies, S. J. J. F. 1974. Studies of the three coo-calls of the male Barbary Dove. Emu 74: 18–26.The Coo-Call of the Barbary DoveStreptopelia risoriais associated with three distinct displays, the Nest-Call, the Bowing Display and the Perch-Coo. The interval between calls is the same in the Bowing Display and Perch-Coo and is species-specific. The intervals between Nest-Calls are longer and less regular. The call itself is attractive to female doves.In studies of these calls at Helena Valley, WA, the Nest-Call was given by males 1,000 to 7,000 times during the whole period between pair formation and egg-laying, but was most common on the second day after the cock was put into the hen's cage. The male's Bowing Display was very common on the day the cock was put into her cage and rare thereafter. The Perch-Coo was the most common use of the Coo-Call in un mated doves of both sexes, and was also given by the male during darkness and while the female was incubating. All three displays could be observed at any lime of the day, but most Nest-Calls were given in the morning.Replay of Nest-Calls or Perch-Coos to isolated female doves did not decrease the interval between the introduction of the male and the laying of the first egg, indicating that the Coo-Call alone did not stimulate the female to ovulate quickly. There was a significant negative correlation between the time the female spent on the nest and the number of Nest-Calls given by the male. The Bowing Display appeared to influence the female to stay near a bowing male, even though its performance did not provide information by which she could predict the male's subsequent behaviour.The Coo-Call and its three associated displays probably function as an integrated mechanism to attract an unmated female to an unmated male (Perch-Coo), keep her near the male while pair-formation occurs (Bowing Display) and attract her to potential nest-sites where tactile stimuli impinging on her underparts can stimulate ovulation (Nest-Call).

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974018

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYSmith, G. T. 1974. An analysis of the function of some displays of the Royal Penguin. Emu 74: 27–34.The paper analyses the function of six displays of the Royal PenguinEudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli.The Flag display is considered to be a territorial advertisement and is primarily a male display. It also functions in attracting females to an unmated territorial male. The Head Wobble display reduces the probability of attack in mates and neighbouring birds. It frequently precedes the Flag display and allows it to proceed without interference. It also communicates the sexual state of a bird. The Rounded-Neck Wings-Forward and the Neck-Horizontal Wings-Forward displays also reduce the probability of attack. The former allows a bird to approach another closely and the latter allows the bird to reach a position where the former can function. The Long Curved Stand is a mild territorial advertisement and greeting display given by a territorial bird toward‘new’neighbours. The Threat display maintains individual distance and territory. The ecological significance of these displays is discussed.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974027

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYTingay, A. 1974. Aggression in the Black Swan. Emu 74: 35–38.This paper gives initial results of a field Study on the Black Swan to investigate the hypothesis that aggression functions to space out individuals over a resource. Spacing-out is defined as one bird increasing or maintaining the distance between itself and another. Probably aggression is usually connected directly or indirectly with a resource such as food or water. Among feeding swans aggression is common and increases as the flock increases but probably does not space out individuals over the food. Rather, there appears to be direct competition for food either for short-term individual gain or for long-term adaptive gain. At high densities the situation changes and the resource only indirectly influences the occurrence of aggression in so far as it causes crowding. A scarce resource leads to crowding and the reduction of individual space to a minimum. Aggression maintains that individual space and thereby spaces out individuals over the resource. In such situations aggression is motivated primarily by factors internal to the individual and not by external factors connected to the resource. Internal factors also influence the occurrence of aggression in feeding flocks and cause highest occurrences when the birds are most hungry.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974035

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYBrooker, M. G. 1974. Field observations of the behaviour of the Wedge-tailed Eagle. Emu 74: 39–42.The diurnal pattern of activity of the Wedge-tailed EagleAquila audaxis outlined and various patterns of behaviour are described. Though aerial displays are probably used to maintain territory, there does not appear to be any elaborate courtship display on perches or in the air. This suggests that such displays arc unnecessary in a long-lived species that forms long-lasting pairs.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974039

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYSaunders, D. A. 1974. The function of displays in the breeding of the White-tailed Black Cockatoo. Emu: 74: 43–46.The displays of the White-tailed Black CockatooCalyptorhynchus baudinii latirostrisduring the breeding season are described. The few obvious displays are associated with agonistic situations, copulations and allopreening, although the pair are together for less than an hour most days once breeding has started. The lack of spectacular displays after incubation begins possibly reflects the strength and permanence of the pair-bond.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974043

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SUMMARYRowley, I. 1974. Display situations in two Australian ravens. Emu 74: 47–52.The display situations ofCorvus coronoidesandC. melloriare reviewed. For two sympatic species some displays need to be clearly species-specific, for others such distinction may be unimportant, and others still are probably beneficial if inter-specific. The paucity of courtship displays in these species suggests that the need for elaborate performances is very much less in long-lived birds maintaining a long-lasting pair-bond than in those with more temporary liaisons.

ISSN:0158-4197    

DOI:10.1071/MU974047

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor