摘要:

ABSTRACT.Identifying correlates of children’s television (TV) watching could help identify strategies to reduce children’s TV watching and impact children’s weight status. Children’s TV time and home environment factors were assessed longitudinally among 169 families with children followed from 6 to 12 years of age. TV watching increased with age, as did the number of in-home TVs and the presence of videocassette recorders (VCRs), the frequency of meal eating while watching TV, and the percentage of children with bedroom TVs. Greater meal eating while watching TV was consistently related to overall TV watching and increases in TV watching over time. The number of in-home TVs and the presence of a bedroom TV were less consistent correlates. TV watching was related to weight status when children were younger, and when children were older, more than 2 hours of TV daily was a risk factor for higher weight. Modifying TV access, particularly by reducing the frequency of meals eaten while watching TV, could promote lower children’s TV watching and adiposity.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) are subjected to highly invasive interventions necessary in overcoming the critical period of their illness, yet little is known about their subsequent psychological adjustment. The purposes of this study were to compare the psychological responses of children hospitalized in a PICU with those of children hospitalized on a general ward and to identify clinically relevant factors that might be associated with psychological outcome. A prospective cohort design was used to follow 120 children for 6 months after PICU and ward discharge. Groups were compared on the children’s sense of control over their health, their medical fears, posttraumatic stress, and changes in behavior. Relationships between children’s responses and their age, the invasive procedures to which they were exposed, severity of illness, and length of hospital stay were also examined. No significant group differences were found. However, children who were younger, more severely ill, and who endured more invasive procedures had significantly more medical fears, a lower sense of control over their health, and ongoing posttraumatic stress responses for 6 months postdischarge. Findings indicate that regardless of the hospital setting, invasiveness coupled with length of stay and severity of illness in young children may have adverse long-term effects.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The goal of this study is to present research behind the downward extension of the Brigance Screens into the 0- to 2-year-old age range. Items were selected from the Brigance Inventory of Early Development (standardized on 1156 children) to produce fine motor, receptive language, expressive language, gross motor, self-help, and social-emotional subtests. Sites included 29 pediatric offices, day-care centers, and developmental evaluation centers in 22 states. Subjects were 408 children, 0 to 24 months of age. Internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater reliability ranged from 0.98 to 0.99 for both the Infant and Toddler Screens. Parent report and direct elicitation versions/observation varied by an average of only one point. Correlations with diagnostic measures were high (0.46 to 0.91). Specificity ranged from 85% to 86% and sensitivity ranged from 76% to 77%. Accordingly, the Brigance Infant and Toddler Screens are shown to be accurate, valid, and reliable tools that can be administered by a range of professionals using either parent interview or direct elicitation/observation or both.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.This study was an attempt to evaluate the present profile of parent-child cosleeping, to investigate the characteristics of those children who cosleep with their parents, and to determine the factors influencing cosleeping in Korea. Observed subjects consisted of 427 young Korean children aged 12 to 84 months. We used an interview method. The incidence of cosleeping was 377 (88.2%). Cosleeping decreased with increasing age. Cosleeping in Korean society was affected mostly by the age of parents and children, attitudes of the mother to cosleeping, and Korean traditional cultural values. The practice of cosleeping in young Korean children is very common and socially acceptable to Korean parents as a natural part of the child-rearing process. Korean family values and a cultural value system emphasizing familial bonds and interpersonal interdependence seems to act as positive reinforcing factors for the practice of cosleeping.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Health locus of control scales for children are often constructed in an agree/disagree format. It was hypothesized that the structure of the instrument may be in part responsible for the finding that young children (7–8 yr) have an external health locus of control relevant to children several years older. The original version and a revised version, using a choice of attribution format, were both administered to 444 students (98% of eligible students) attending 10 second-grade classes. Although the mean scores for the two formats were the same, 32.0 (SD = 3.3), item level analyses showed poor agreement (kappa, −.005–.41) and significant bias in disagreements on 15 of the 20 items. Changes in the wording of the questions led to different results, indicating possible limitations in either format. The observation that young children likely have a mixed health locus of control indicates that health educators may benefit from employing both internal and external sources of reinforcement to promote healthy behaviors in young children.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Editor’s NoteThe impact of child care on children’s development is both complex and controversial. Research findings since the 1980s demonstrate the important impact of child care experiences on children’s development. Indeed, consensus has now emerged among investigators that child care quality is linked to the well-being, skills, and subsequent adjustment of young children. Yet, no such consensus has been reached on the influence of quantity of exposure to child care during the early years.Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, the most comprehensive, longitudinal study in the United States of the relationships between child care experiences and children’s development, will inform the discussion and debate on child care and children’s development. As reviewed by Belsky in his Commentary, the NICHD study reports that children with greater exposure to nonmaternal care during the first 4 1/2 years of life were rated by their preschool and kindergarten teachers as more aggressive, assertive, and defiant than same-age children with less exposure. Researchers are now speculating as to the implications of such findings. Belsky, a member of the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, argues that quantity does indeed count. Other researchers (and Network members) are more cautious in their interpretation, citing the lack of clinical significance of ratings of problematic behaviors, the partially mediating influence of quality of care on quantity effects, and the more positive effects of exposure on peer interactions.TheJournalis pleased to advance the discourse (and debate) on this important topic by publishing this solicited Commentary. We have invited a response to this Commentary for subsequent publication from another expert in this field. We encourage readers to review the publications now emerging from the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. As always, we welcome readers’ thoughts and responses.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID