摘要:

This study examines whether neurologic examinations at 6 and 12 months of age can predict developmental patterns in very low birth weight infants and fullterm controls through 40 months of age. We performed neurologic examinations at 6 and 12 months; the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6, 12, and 24 months; and the Stanford-Binet and the McCarthy Motor scale at 40 months. The very low birth weight infants were categorized on the basis of socioeconomic status and high or low risk for early medical complications. More abnormal neurologic scores predicted greater deceleration of cognitive development for high-risk infants only. The 12-month neurologic examination predicted the degree of deceleration in motor development. Medical risk was an independent predictor of curvature of the psychomotor development curve. We conclude that neurologic examinations during the 1st year of life might be used with other factors in decisions concerning referrals to early-intervention programs.J Dev Behav Pediatr 18:215–221, 1997.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We examined responses of preterm infants to swaddling after a heel lance. Fifteen preterm infants from two postconceptional age (PCA) groups (Group 1: n = 7, PCA < 31 wk; Group 2: n = 8, PCA ≥ 31 wk) were observed for 30 minutes during blood sampling followed by routine care; blood sampling followed by swaddling; and no blood sampling and routine care. In both groups, blood sampling resulted in concurrent increases in heart rate and state of arousal, in negative facial displays, and in reductions in blood oxygen-saturation. After the blood was drawn, infants less than 31 weeks PCA exhibited an immediate and spontaneous return to behavioral patterns similar to those observed during the no-blood-sample condition, regardless of treatment condition. Infants 31 weeks PCA or older exhibited protracted behavioral disturbance that was significantly reduced by the use of swaddling. We discuss the significance of these findings.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This multi-institutional study investigated the association of behavioral/emotional adaptation among siblings of children with cancer with maternal general well-being, physical health, and resource use. One hundred seventy siblings and mothers completed standardized interviews and self-report measures 6 to 42 months after the cancer was diagnosed. As a group, mothers of children with cancer reported significantly lower levels of well-being than matched controls. When stratified according to the level of the sibling's behavioral/emotional adaptation, mothers of siblings in the Dysfunctional group (1) reported the lowest levels of well-being; (2) during the preceding year, were more likely to have sought professional services than mothers of children in the Resilient group; and (3) were least likely to have found social support helpful. Our results support an association between maternal well-being and sibling adjustment but show it is unlikely that nonspecific social support will improve adjustment. The rationale for problem-solving training for mothers is provided.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We investigated the psychosocial effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on siblings of transplant recipients. We asked how donor siblings compared with nondonor siblings on quantitative measures of behavior, psychological distress, and sense of self. Participants included 44 siblings (21 donors and 23 nondonors, ages 6–18 yr) of surviving pediatric BMT patients. On self-report measures, donors reported significantly more anxiety and lower self-esteem than nondonors. On teacher-rated scales, donors showed significantly more adaptive skills in school. On these same scales, nondonors showed significantly more school problems than donors. One-third of the siblings in each group reported a moderate level of post-traumatic stress reaction. Exploratory multiple regression analyses point to factors that might influence sibling adjustment and suggest counseling strategies and avenues for future research.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The Stop Signal Task is a measure of inhibitory control in which subjects must press a button in response to a stimulus. On certain trials, the subject receives a second stimulus (the Stop Signal) after the primary stimulus and must withhold his/her response during those trials. The onset of the Stop Signal is varied, sometimes coming immediately after the primary stimulus (inhibition is easy); at other times, the Stop Signal arrives quite late, making inhibition difficult. Results from the Stop Signal Task were obtained from children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and from controls; children with ADHD had significantly more difficulty inhibiting their responses than did controls. In a second study, results from the Stop Signal Task were obtained from a large sample of both behaviorally disturbed and community children; variables from the Stop Signal Task correlated well with both laboratory observations and teacher ratings of inattention and hyperactivity.J Dev Behav Pediatr, 18:254–259, 1997.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This study assesses the degree of convergence between two temperament questionnaires promoted for use with relatively young infants. The mothers of 90 normal, healthy infants were asked to complete the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) and the Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire (EITQ) when their babies were approximately 3 months of age; the returned questionnaires were reduced into the dimensions defined by the instruments' authors. The EITQ includes a General Impressions rating scale that provides a more global estimate of the same temperament dimensions, and these scores were also examined. Infant ratings on both questionnaires were similar in magnitude to results of other published reports. Comparisons across instruments showed that the IBQ and EITQ seem to measure similar aspects of behavioral style, because all of the IBQ dimensions were significantly related to the appropriate EITQ dimensions. These results support the validity of both questionnaires for use with infants in the first months of life.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Denise is a 10-year-old girl who was admitted to the hospital for treatment of dehydration secondary to severe vomiting for 2 days. She was unable to retain any liquids. This was her 62nd admission for similar symptoms. These began when she was 5 years old. There was no family history of relatives with similar symptoms, but a paternal grandmother had severe migraine episodes for much of her life. Denise's parents were unable to determine what triggered Denise's vomiting episodes. At various times, they had restricted certain foods, focused on more regular sleep times for her, and assessed possible stressors in school, but the episodes seemed to occur at random times. The family lived on a farm, and their primary product was hogs. Denise was the second of four children. She was doing well in the fifth grade and was active in 4-H and in Sunday school. There were four living grandparents nearby, as well as many aunts, uncles, and cousins. There were frequent family get-togethers. At physical examination, Denise was irritable, spoke in monosyllables, and preferred to remain curled in a fetal position with her eyes closed. Her temperature was 98.8° F; her pulse was 120 beats per minute; her respiratory rate was 20; and her blood pressure was 85/60 mm Hg. Her eyes were slightly sunken. Her mouth was dry, and her skin appeared dry. Intravenous fluids were begun. After 24 hours, Denise was able to retain popsicles and sips of water. After 48 hours, she was ravenously hungry and was eating solids without difficulty. Her personality had changed dramatically. She was talkative, she laughed frequently, and she was discharged to home.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article describes the current clinical view of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and suggests a model of prefrontal lobe executive functions that explains better than current theories the cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with ADHD. The model shows how behavioral inhibition is related to and necessary for the proficient performance of four executive functions that subserve self-regulation: nonverbal working memory; the internalization of speech; the self-regulation of affect, motivation, and arousal; and reconstitution. These functions permit the construction, execution, and control of behavior by internally represented information, which removes behavior from control by the immediate context and brings it under the control of time. ADHD disrupts this process and returns control of behavior to the temporal now. A blindness to past, future, and time more generally, as well as an inability to direct behavior toward the future and to sustain it are among many of the deficits predicted by this model for persons with ADHD.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID